Assessment of the contents of phytic acid and divalent cations in low phytic acid (lpa) mutants of rice and soybean

Moving micronutrients from the soil to the seeds: Genes and physiological processes from a biofortification perspective

“…The high concentration of the phosphorus storage molecule phytate in cereal grains [178] is also problematic, as phytate can also bind Fe and Zn, and decrease absorption of these nutrients in the animal gut. Increasing wheat grain Zn levels by agronomic practices did not result in increased phytate [160], and lines of cereals with mutations that result in low phytate concentration did not consistently have altered levels of Fe or Zn in rice, maize, wheat, barley, or soybean seeds [179][180][181][182][183]. These results suggest that phytate can be decreased in future variety development while Fe and Zn concentrations remain at current levels or higher.…”

Comparisons and selection of rice mutants with high iron and zinc contents in their polished grains that were mutated from the indica type cultivar IR64

“…Genetic modification is an effective strategy to increase the Fe content in rice grains (Brinch-Pedersen et al, 2007;Zhu et al, 2007;Ye et al, 2008;Waters and Sankaran, 2011); but the transgenic rice may not be acceptable to all the consumers. Thus, producing Ferich rice varieties through conventional breeding methods appears to be a manageable and non-controversial solution (Gregorio, 2002;Prom-u-thai et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2008;Frank et al, 2009).…”

Effect of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Rice Quality: Nutritive Value, Color, Milling, Cooking, and Eating Qualities

“…In plants, phytic acid is the main scavenger of Fe 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Zn 2+ (Bryant et al 2005;Frank et al 2009). The bioavailability of these minerals from foods is defined as the proportion of the minerals that can be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and utilized within the body and can be simply expressed as molar ratios of phytate to mineral (Frank et al 2009). As such, a lower molar ratio implies improved mineral bioavailability.…”

“…The first reason for this situation is the poor mineral content of the rice grain (Juliano 1993). The second is the high phytic acid concentration of whole rice grain (≈10 g/kg); the negatively charged phosphate groups of phytic acid can form stable complexes with divalent cations such as Fe 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Zn 2+ in the gastrointestinal tract, rendering them biologically inert and unavailable for absorption (Bryant et al 2005;Frank et al 2009).…”