“…Previous research employs various methods for CE performance evaluation, such as the DEA method (Bronner et al, 2022; Ding, Lei, Wang, & Zhang, 2020; Ding, Lei, Wang, Zhang, & Calin, 2020; Wang et al, 2021), LCA method (Prosman & Sacchi, 2018), balanced scorecard method (Torgautov et al, 2022), statistical (multivariate) methods (Jain et al, 2020; Ray et al, 2021; Tedesco et al, 2022), and integrated MCDM techniques (Ahmed et al, 2022; Franco et al, 2021; Gupta et al, 2021). Although previous methods are excellent in their respective areas of application, most of them cannot deal with quantitative criteria and overlook the criteria conflicts and interrelationships.…”