Assessment of the characteristics and biocompatibility of gelatin sponge scaffolds prepared by various crosslinking methods

Yang, Gang; Xiao, Zhenghua; Long, Haiyan; Ma, Kunlong; Zhang, Junpeng; Ren, Xiaomei; Zhang, Jiang

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20006-y

Cited by 175 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This indicates that swelling of scaffolds is inversely correlated to porosity, and water absorption occurs inside the hydrophilic gelatin network rather than void volume. The relationship between cross‐linking and water uptake was found concordant with findings in literature . Low cross‐linking density significantly increased the water uptake up to 1100%, whereas 700% swelling was recorded with 1% glutaraldehyde concentration.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Biofabrication of Gelatin Tissue Scaffolds with Uniform Pore Size via Microbubble Assembly

Bayram

Jiang

Gultekinoglu

et al. 2019

Macro Materials & Eng

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The control of pore size and uniform porosity remains as an important challenge in gelatin scaffolds. The precise control in building blocks of tissue scaffolds without any additional porogen is possible with costly equipment and techniques, though some pre‐requirements for polymeric material, such as photo‐polymerizability or sintering ability, may be needed prior to construction. Herein, a method for the fabrication of gelatin scaffolds with homogenous porosity using simple T‐junction microfluidics is described. The size of the microbubbles is precisely controlled with 5% deviation from the average. Porous gelatin scaffolds are obtained by building‐up the monodispersed microbubbles in dilute cross‐linker solutions. The effect of cross‐linker density on pore diameter is also investigated. After cross‐linking, pore size of the resultant five scaffold groups are precisely controlled as 135 ± 11, 193 ± 11, 216 ± 9, 231 ± 5, and 250 ± 12 µm. Porosity ratios above 65% are achieved in every sample group. According to the cell culture experiments, structures support high cell adhesion, viability, and migration through the porous network via interconnectivity. This study offers a practical and economical approach for the preparation of porous gelatin scaffolds with homogenous porosity which can be utilized in diverse tissue engineering applications.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Biofabrication of Gelatin Tissue Scaffolds with Uniform Pore Size via Microbubble Assembly

Bayram

Jiang

Gultekinoglu

et al. 2019

Macro Materials & Eng

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“…The porosity values of hydrogels with 0, 2, and 4 wt % CNC were about 69, 79, and 77, respectively. These values are similar to those reported for chitosan hydrogels with different crosslinkers and for hydrogels resulting from a combination of chitosan with other polymers [8,[33][34][35]. For example, Carvalho and Mansur [35] reported porosity values of 69% to 88% for methacrylamide-chitosan hydrogels.…”

Section: Porositysupporting

confidence: 85%

Chitosan Hydrogels Crosslinked by Genipin and Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals: Production and Characterization

Pomari

Montanheiro²,

Siqueira

et al. 2019

J. Compos. Sci.

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In this work, chitosan hydrogels crosslinked with genipin and reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were developed and characterized with the aim of future biomedical applications. CNC was produced by acid hydrolysis and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Chitosan/CNC nanocomposite hydrogels were produced with different CNC concentrations (w/w): 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. The genipin was used as a crosslinking agent in a genipin/chitosan molar proportion of 1:8. The hydrogels were characterized by porosity measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling test, and mechanical compression test. No significant differences were observed concerning the porosity of the hydrogels; however, a trend of decreasing porosity was observed with increasing CNC content. The SEM images showed a better pore structure as the CNC concentration increased. A decrease in the swelling degree with increasing CNC content in the chitosan/CNC nanocomposite hydrogel was verified in the swelling tests. An increase in the CNC concentration in the chitosan/CNC nanocomposite hydrogel caused a gradual increase in the maximum stress and maximum strain as observed in the compression tests, showing a significant difference between chitosan/CNC 6 wt % and neat chitosan hydrogel.

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“…However, the relative increase was higher for the mTG-GTA gels. As expected, un-crosslinked gelatin dissolved after 1 day at 37 • C [36,37]. Table 2.…”

Section: Gel Degradationsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Then their viscoelastic properties were modulated through a cytocompatible crosslinking mediated by microbial transglutaminase (mTG). This enzyme catalyses the formation of covalent bonds between glutamine and lysine in several vegetable and animal organisms including humans [17,31,32], and has been widely used to improve the mechanical strength of gelatin and collagen-based scaffolds in the presence of cells [31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. The time-evolving viscoelastic properties of these substrates were characterised over 7 days at typical cell length-scales using nanoindentation tests [38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Gels with Time-Evolving Viscoelasticity

2020

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From a mechanical point of view, a native extracellular matrix (ECM) is viscoelastic. It also possesses time-evolving or dynamic behaviour, since pathophysiological processes such as ageing alter their mechanical properties over time. On the other hand, biomaterial research on mechanobiology has focused mainly on the development of substrates with varying stiffness, with a few recent contributions on time- or space-dependent substrate mechanics. This work reports on a new method for engineering dynamic viscoelastic substrates, i.e., substrates in which viscoelastic parameters can change or evolve with time, providing a tool for investigating cell response to the mechanical microenvironment. In particular, a two-step (chemical and enzymatic) crosslinking strategy was implemented to modulate the viscoelastic properties of gelatin hydrogels. First, gels with different glutaraldehyde concentrations were developed to mimic a wide range of soft tissue viscoelastic behaviours. Then their mechanical behaviour was modulated over time using microbial transglutaminase. Typically, enzymatically induced mechanical alterations occurred within the first 24 h of reaction and then the characteristic time constant decreased although the elastic properties were maintained almost constant for up to seven days. Preliminary cell culture tests showed that cells adhered to the gels, and their viability was similar to that of controls. Thus, the strategy proposed in this work is suitable for studying cell response and adaptation to temporal variations of substrate mechanics during culture.

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Assessment of the characteristics and biocompatibility of gelatin sponge scaffolds prepared by various crosslinking methods

Cited by 175 publications

References 49 publications

Biofabrication of Gelatin Tissue Scaffolds with Uniform Pore Size via Microbubble Assembly

Biofabrication of Gelatin Tissue Scaffolds with Uniform Pore Size via Microbubble Assembly

Chitosan Hydrogels Crosslinked by Genipin and Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals: Production and Characterization

Engineering Gels with Time-Evolving Viscoelasticity

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