Assessment of the burden of human African trypanosomiasis by rapid participatory appraisal in three high-risk villages in Urambo District, Northwest Tanzania

Reid, Heidi; Kibona, S N; Rodney, Anna; McPherson, Brady; Sindato, Calvin; Malele, Imna; Kinung’hi, Safari; Jennaway, Megan; Changalucha, Joel; Blake, Brian F.; Vallely, Andrew

doi:10.4314/ahs.v12i2.5

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Livestock production is the livelihood of the communities in two districts. Proportional piling showed that the cattle population scored the highest followed by goats and sheep with the median score of 32(14-40), 26 , and 21 (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23), respectively, as shown in Table 2. Donkey population is significantly high in Gnangatom communities than in Benna communities.…”

Section: Community Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…According to the two districts community informants, major cattle disease that affects animals in the area ranked in Table 3. Trypanosomosis and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia were ranked as first and second, with proportional median score of 24 (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) and 23 (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26), accordingly. In both two communities unanimously mentioned that the effect of trypanosomosis is very severe because of its negative socioeconomic impact.…”

Section: Major Cattle Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Community Perception on Trypanosomosis, Parasitological, and Entomological Studies in Two Selected Districts of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia

Mekuria

Mekonnen

Kebede

2021

Veterinary Medicine International

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Participatory investigation and trypanosomosis prevalence studied during April 2019 and March 2020 in two selected districts of South Omo, Ethiopia. The study site is located in the gridline of 04.90 to 5.60oN and 35.80 to 36.900 E. Twelve community groups are employed. A cross-sectional study design and 288 animals bled and examined a wet film prepared from the buffy coat. Sixty NGU traps baited with acetone and cow urine were deployed for 48 hrs to estimate the apparent density. Data generated from focus group discussion and trypanosomosis prevalence analyzed using an appropriate statistical package. Proportional piling showed that cattle, goats, and sheep were proportionally dominant with a high median score of 32(14–40), 26(12–33), and 21(5–23), respectively; trypanosomosis ranked first with a proportional median score of 24(13–26) followed by contagious bovine/caprine pleuropneumonia with a proportional median score of 23(19–26) among others. Community unanimously agreed that (W = 0.9) trypanosomosis affects their socioeconomic status and was able to describe clinical signs with significant (p < 0.05) agreement. Tsetse fly (Echut and Kusubo) is the main vector with the agreement of W = 0.9(p < 0.05). Perception on human trypanosomosis varies between Benna Tsemay and Gnagatom districts. Therefore, further study supported by laboratory like molecular test is very important to conclude the presence of human trypanosomosis in the suggested area. The overall prevalence of cattle trypanosomosis was 10.1%. The prevalence of trypanosomosis was significantly higher in poor body condition (OR = 2.1, P < 0.05) and in black coat color (OR = 13.5, P < 0.05) animals. T. congolense and T. vivax were circulating in the area. A total of 455 Glossina (385 G. pallidipes, 17 G. tachinoides, and 53 G. fuscipes) were trapped. The overall apparent density of Glossina was 3.79 Flies/Trap/Day. Three species of Glossina, namely G. pallidipes, G. tachinoides, and G. fuscipes, were distributed in the study areas. Therefore, the finding suggests that the problem is significant and the human trypanosomosis is doubtful. Hence regular control measures and molecular diagnosis need to be conducted.

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Section: Community Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Major Cattle Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Perception on Trypanosomosis, Parasitological, and Entomological Studies in Two Selected Districts of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia

Mekuria

Mekonnen

Kebede

2021

Veterinary Medicine International

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“…Health seeking behaviour studies have shown that HAT patients visit numerous public and private health providers over several months before being correctly diagnosed and treated [ 13 , 19 , 20 ]. Recovery periods typically take many months and HAT is thought to lead to many long-term disabilities caused by drug toxicity and infection, although the associated morbidity has not been quantified [ 21 ]. The DALY is not the only methodology that can be applied to quantify disease burden; economic calculations are also regularly used at both societal and household level – for example, impact of treatment costs and losses in income to patient households [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the economic and social consequences for patients diagnosed with human African trypanosomiasis in Muchinga, Lusaka and Eastern Provinces of Zambia (2004–2014)

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAcute human African trypanosomiasis (rHAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is associated with high mortality and is fatal if left untreated. Only a few studies have examined the psychological, social and economic impacts of rHAT. In this study, mixed qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of rHAT in Mambwe, Rufunsa, Mpika and Chama Districts of Zambia.MethodsIndividuals diagnosed with rHAT from 2004 to 2014 were traced using hospital records and discussions with communities. Either they, or their families, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and focus group discussions were conducted with affected communities. The burden of the disease was investigated using disability adjusted life years (DALYs), with and without discounting and age-weighting. The impact of long-term disabilities on the rHAT burden was also investigated.ResultsSixty four cases were identified in the study. The majority were identified in second stage, and the mortality rate was high (12.5%). The total number of DALYs was 285 without discounting or age-weighting. When long-term disabilities were included this estimate increased by 50% to 462. The proportion of years lived with disability (YLD) increased from 6.4% to 37% of the undiscounted and un-age-weighted DALY total. When a more active surveillance method was applied in 2013–2014 the cases identified increased dramatically, suggesting a high level of under-reporting. Similarly, the proportion of females increased substantially, indicating that passive surveillance may be especially failing this group.An average of 4.9 months of productive time was lost per patient as a consequence of infection. The health consequences included pain, amnesia and physical disability. The social consequences included stigma, dropping out of education, loss of friends and self-esteem. Results obtained from focus group discussions revealed misconceptions among community members which could be attributed to lack of knowledge about rHAT.ConclusionsThe social and economic impact of rHAT on rural households and communities is substantial. Improved surveillance and strengthening of local medical services are needed for early and accurate diagnosis. Disease prevention should be prioritised in communities at risk of rHAT, and interventions put in place to prevent zoonotic disease spill over from domestic animals and wildlife. Supportive measures to mitigate the long-term effects of disability due to rHAT are needed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-017-0363-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…In addition, the data illustrated in Figure 1 are likely an underestimate. Many r-HAT foci are in remote areas; a lack of diagnostic facilities and awareness of HAT are frequently reported around foci [8,9] and underdetection of cases is a recognised problem [10]. Small numbers of cases are also regularly diagnosed in nonendemic countries, serving to highlight transmission that may not be reliably detected [11].…”

Section: Trendsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Transmission Dynamics of Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness at the Interface of Wildlife and Livestock Areas

Auty¹,

Morrison

Torr

et al. 2016

Trends in Parasitology

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Many wilderness areas of East and Southern Africa are foci for Rhodesian sleeping sickness, a fatal zoonotic disease caused by trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies. Although transmission in these foci is traditionally driven by wildlife reservoirs, rising human and livestock populations may increase the role of livestock in transmission cycles. Deciphering transmission dynamics at wildlife and livestock interface areas is key to developing appropriate control. Data are lacking for key parameters, including host distributions, tsetse density, and mortality rates, and the relative roles of livestock and wildlife as hosts in fragmented habitats, limiting the development of meaningful models to assist in the assessment and implementation of control strategies.

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Assessment of the burden of human African trypanosomiasis by rapid participatory appraisal in three high-risk villages in Urambo District, Northwest Tanzania

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Community Perception on Trypanosomosis, Parasitological, and Entomological Studies in Two Selected Districts of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia

Community Perception on Trypanosomosis, Parasitological, and Entomological Studies in Two Selected Districts of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia

Estimating the economic and social consequences for patients diagnosed with human African trypanosomiasis in Muchinga, Lusaka and Eastern Provinces of Zambia (2004–2014)

Transmission Dynamics of Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness at the Interface of Wildlife and Livestock Areas

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