Assessment of the air quality in 20 public indoor swimming pools located in the Northern Region of Portugal

Gabriel, Marta Fonseca; Felgueiras, Fátima; Mourão, Zenaida; Fernandes, Eduardo Oliveira

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105274

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Seventeen Municipalities and one sporting entity responsible for managing 20 public indoor swimming pools located in the northern region of Portugal kindly agreed to collaborate in the study. The details of the location and characteristics of the participating facilities were previously reported by Gabriel et al, 2019. Fieldwork in the 20 facilities under study was conducted in two sampling campaigns—January to March (cold season campaign) and May to July (warm season campaign) 2018.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially, the quality of the water in the pool and of the indoor air in the facilities should deserve special attention. The prevention of the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in water is typically based on the use of disinfection solutions, as the most commonly employed chlorine‐based products (Gabriel et al, 2019; Teo et al, 2015). To ensure that the microbial and physiological inputs, typically added to the water by the bathers, are effectively neutralized health authorities require a constant disinfectant residual concentration in the water (Hwang et al, 2012; Mi et al, 2015; Moradi et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To ensure that the microbial and physiological inputs, typically added to the water by the bathers, are effectively neutralized health authorities require a constant disinfectant residual concentration in the water (Hwang et al, 2012;Mi et al, 2015;Moradi et al, 2017). However, since the disinfectants can react with the physiological inputs, potentially hazardous compounds, denominated disinfection byproducts (DBP), can be generated and constitute a relevant collateral chemical hazard, if not managed properly (Gabriel et al, 2019;Manasfi et al, 2017;Weisel et al, 2009). In most of the European countries, health authorities have strived to control water quality in public swimming pools, focusing on physicochemical characteristics, residual disinfectant content, and the presence of different microorganisms, following recommendations from the European Bathing Water Directive (EBWD) ( 2006) (WHO, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the occurrence of pathogenic free‐living amoeba and bacteria in 20 public indoor swimming pool facilities

et al. 2021

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Recently, indoor swimming pool activities have increased to promote health‐enhancing physical activities, which require establishing suitable protocols for disinfection and water quality control. Normally, the assessment of the microbial quality of the water in the pools only considers the presence of different bacteria. However, other less frequent but more resistant pathogens, such as free‐living amoebas (FLA), are not contemplated in both existing recommendation and research activities. FLA represent a relevant human health risk, not only due to their pathogenicity but also due to the ability to act as vehicles of other pathogens, such as bacteria. Therefore, this work aimed to study the physicochemical characteristics and the occurrence of potentially pathogenic FLA and bacteria in water samples from 20 public indoor swimming facilities in Northern Portugal. Our results showed that some swimming pools presented levels of pH, free chlorine, and conductivity out of the recommended limits. Pathogenic FLA species were detected in two of the facilities under study, where we also report the presence of both, FLA and pathogenic bacteria. Our findings evidence the need to assess the occurrence of FLA and their existence in the same environmental niche as pathogenic bacteria in swimming pool facilities worldwide and to establish recommendations to safeguard the health of the users.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the occurrence of pathogenic free‐living amoeba and bacteria in 20 public indoor swimming pool facilities

et al. 2021

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“…• Numerous disinfection by-products (Richardson et al, 2010;Weaver et al, 2009), • Occurrence and human consequences (Shaw, 1986;Benoit & Jackson, 1987;Kim et al, 2002;Righi et al, 2014;Lévesque et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015;Chowdhury, 2016;Nitter et al, 2018;Gabriel et al, 2019;Nitter & Svendsen, 2019a), • Formation of DBP (Jmaiff Blackstock et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2017;Fakour & Lo, 2018), • The impact of water treatment (Weng et al, 2012;Hansen et al, 2012;Weng et al, 2013;Spiliotopoulou et al, 2015;Nitter & Svendsen, 2019b), • Impact on the users and the user's uptake (Chu et al, 2013;Fernández-Luna et al, 2013;Font-Ribera et al, 2016;Hang et al, 2016;Parrat et al, 2012;Xiao et al, 2012).…”

Section: Indoor Air Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic and data-driven literature review of the energy and indoor environmental performance of swimming facilities

et al. 2021

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During the last few decades, focus on measures for energy conservation in buildings has increased considerably. The European Commission implemented the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, which gave instructions to the member states about how to reduce energy consumption in residential and non-residential buildings. In the process of making the building sector more energy efficient, the building codes generally have become stricter with some simplifications applied in the requirements. For swimming facilities in Norway, these simplifications are undermining the purpose of the code by excluding the energy use related to the operation of swimming pools, which is the main part of the energy use in this building category. In other words, the energy use related to operation of the facility is not regulated. Furthermore, guidelines for the planning and operation of these types of facilities are outdated and research for this building category is sparse. These three aspects mean that there is a considerable potential for improvement. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review with bibliometric and thematic analyses of the contextualized research in swimming facilities from a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning perspective. It maps the major trends during the past few decades, where areas like solar heating for outdoor pools, energy consumption, and air quality stand out. Except for air quality and disinfection by-products, research on these facilities is highly fragmented without any strong contributors to the various fields. Graphical abstract

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Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in the Swimming Pool in Ulan-Ude

Dmitriev

Ivanova

Tayrit

2022

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

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Assessment of the air quality in 20 public indoor swimming pools located in the Northern Region of Portugal

Cited by 22 publications

References 36 publications

Evaluation of the occurrence of pathogenic free‐living amoeba and bacteria in 20 public indoor swimming pool facilities

Evaluation of the occurrence of pathogenic free‐living amoeba and bacteria in 20 public indoor swimming pool facilities

Systematic and data-driven literature review of the energy and indoor environmental performance of swimming facilities

Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in the Swimming Pool in Ulan-Ude

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