Assessment of the Adaptive Force of Elbow Extensors in Healthy Subjects Quantified by a Novel Pneumatically Driven Measurement System with Considerations of Its Quality Criteria

Dech, Silas; Bittmann, Frank N.; Schaefer, Laura V.

doi:10.3390/diagnostics11060923

Cited by 17 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(148 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In case the neuromuscular system has to adapt to a varying external force in the described holding manner or during muscle lengthening, it is reasonable to assume that the requirements regarding the neuromuscular control could be even higher 36 , 37 . Therefore, it might be beneficial to investigate the Adaptive Force (AF) to challenge the neuromuscular control in a special way 38 , 39 . The AF reflects the holding capability to adapt adequately to external forces with the intention to maintain a given position or motion 38 , 40 , 41 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it might be beneficial to investigate the Adaptive Force (AF) to challenge the neuromuscular control in a special way 38 , 39 . The AF reflects the holding capability to adapt adequately to external forces with the intention to maintain a given position or motion 38 , 40 , 41 . One specific way to execute the AF is to hold a given position against a rising external load.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This necessitates a sound functionality of the sensorimotor control. If the neuromuscular system is not able to match the increasing external force isometrically, the muscle starts to lengthen in the course of the external force increase 38 . Therefore, the AF can be realized during an isometric or an eccentric muscle action.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours

Schaefer

Dech

Aehle

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

Self Cite

167

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The olfactomotor system is especially investigated by examining the sniffing in reaction to olfactory stimuli. The motor output of respiratory-independent muscles was seldomly considered regarding possible influences of smells. The Adaptive Force (AF) characterizes the capability of the neuromuscular system to adapt to external forces in a holding manner and was suggested to be more vulnerable to possible interfering stimuli due to the underlying complex control processes. The aim of this pilot study was to measure the effects of olfactory inputs on the AF of the hip and elbow flexors, respectively. The AF of 10 subjects was examined manually by experienced testers while smelling at sniffing sticks with neutral, pleasant or disgusting odours. The reaction force and the limb position were recorded by a handheld device. The results show, inter alia, a significantly lower maximal isometric AF and a significantly higher AF at the onset of oscillations by perceiving disgusting odours compared to pleasant or neutral odours (p < 0.001). The adaptive holding capacity seems to reflect the functionality of the neuromuscular control, which can be impaired by disgusting olfactory inputs. An undisturbed functioning neuromuscular system appears to be characterized by a proper length tension control and by an earlier onset of mutual oscillations during an external force increase. This highlights the strong connection of olfaction and motor control also regarding respiratory-independent muscles.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours

Schaefer

Dech

Aehle

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

Self Cite

167

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The above mentioned refined assessment is based on the concept of Adaptive Force (AF) which was introduced by the research group around Bittmann [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The AF is defined as the neuromuscular function which is necessary to maintain a given position or movement despite an external force impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thereby, the muscle's force increases further up to its maximum (AFecc max ). It has been shown that the maximal holding capacity (AFiso max ) is normally lower (~80%) than the maximal strength of a muscle [ 11 ]. This behavior and additional hints [ 12 , 13 ] suggest the ability to hold could be an independent quality of neuromuscular function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Force and emotionally related imaginations – preliminary results suggest a reduction of the maximal holding capacity as reaction to disgusting food imagination

Schaefer

Dech

Bittmann

2021

Heliyon

Self Cite

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The link between emotions and motor control has been discussed for years. The measurement of the Adaptive Force (AF) provides the possibility to get insights into the adaptive control of the neuromuscular system in reaction to external forces. It was hypothesized that the holding isometric AF is especially vulnerable to disturbing inputs. Here, the behavior of the AF under the influence of positive (tasty) vs. negative (disgusting) food imaginations was investigated. The AF was examined in n = 12 cases using an objectified manual muscle test of the hip flexors, elbow flexors or pectoralis major muscle, performed by one of two experienced testers while the participants imagined their most tasty or most disgusting food. The reaction force and the limb position were measured by a handheld device. While the slope of force rises and the maximal AF did not differ significantly between tasty and disgusting imaginations (p > 0.05), the maximal isometric AF was significantly lower and the AF at the onset of oscillations was significantly higher under disgusting vs. tasty imaginations (both p = 0.001). A proper length tension control of muscles seems to be a crucial functional parameter of the neuromuscular system which can be impaired instantaneously by emotionally related negative imaginations. This might be a potential approach to evaluate somatic reactions to emotions.

show abstract

Adaptive Force of hamstring muscles is reduced in patients with knee osteoarthritis compared to asymptomatic controls

Schaefer,

Dech,

Carnarius

et al. 2024

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Quadriceps strength deficits are known for patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA), whereas findings on hamstrings are less clear. The Adaptive Force (AF) as a special neuromuscular function has never been investigated in OA before. The maximal adaptive holding capacity (max. isometric AF; AFisomax) has been considered to be especially vulnerable to disruptive stimuli (e.g., nociception). It was hypothesized that affected limbs of OA patients would show clear deficits in AFisomax. Methods AF parameters and the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of hamstrings were assessed bilaterally comparing 20 patients with knee OA (ART) vs. controls (CON). AF was measured by a pneumatically driven device. Participants were instructed to maintain a static position despite an increasing load of the device. After reaching AFisomax, the hamstrings merged into eccentric action whereby the force increased further to the maximum (AFmax). MVIC was recorded before and after AF trials. Mixed ANOVA was used to identify differences between and within ART and CON (comparing 1st and 2nd measured sides). Results AFisomax and the torque development per degree of yielding were significantly lower only for the more affected side of ART vs. CON (p ≤ 0.001). The percentage difference of AFisomax amounted to − 40%. For the less affected side it was − 24% (p = 0.219). MVIC and AFmax were significantly lower for ART vs. CON for both sides (p ≤ 0.001). Differences of MVIC between ART vs. CON amounted to − 27% for the more, and − 30% for the less affected side; for AFmax it was − 34% and − 32%, respectively. Conclusion The results suggest that strength deficits of hamstrings are present in patients with knee OA possibly attributable to nociception, generally lower physical activity/relief of lower extremities or fear-avoidance. However, the more affected side of OA patients seems to show further specific impairments regarding neuromuscular control reflected by the significantly reduced adaptive holding capacity and torque development during adaptive eccentric action. It is assumed that those parameters could reflect possible inhibitory nociceptive effects more sensitive than maximal strengths as MVIC and AFmax. Their role should be further investigated to get more specific insights into these aspects of neuromuscular control in OA patients. The approach is relevant for diagnostics also in terms of severity and prevention.

show abstract

Assessment of the Adaptive Force of Elbow Extensors in Healthy Subjects Quantified by a Novel Pneumatically Driven Measurement System with Considerations of Its Quality Criteria

Cited by 17 publications

References 74 publications

Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours

Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours

Adaptive Force and emotionally related imaginations – preliminary results suggest a reduction of the maximal holding capacity as reaction to disgusting food imagination

Adaptive Force of hamstring muscles is reduced in patients with knee osteoarthritis compared to asymptomatic controls

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About