Assessment of tear-evaporation rate in thyroid-gland patients

Abusharaha, Ali; Alturki, Abdulaziz A; Alanazi, Saud A.; Fagehi, Raied; Aljohani, Naji; El‐Hiti, Gamal A.; Masmali, Ali M.

doi:10.2147/opth.s188614

Cited by 30 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The TER was calculated by subtracting the reading when both eyes were closed from the reading where both eyes were opened so as to obtain the average. Evaporative dry eye condition was defined for a TER of more than 25g/m 2 h [32,34]. The TER tests were carried out in a room where the temperature (22 °C) and humidity level (less than 35%) were controlled.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spectral interferometry is used to measure the precorneal tear film thickness and its thinning between blinks [30], while VapoMeter is a dermatology device used to measure the trans-epidermal water loss and evaporation rate [31]. The current study assessed the TER among smokers using Delfin VapoMeter, a light, portable device that does not need to be calibrated daily, can be used in all angles, is not sensitive to ambient airflows, and involves only a few seconds to perform the measurement [32]. Delfin VapoMeter is currently used efficiently to assess the TER in subjects with thyroid gland disorders [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current study assessed the TER among smokers using Delfin VapoMeter, a light, portable device that does not need to be calibrated daily, can be used in all angles, is not sensitive to ambient airflows, and involves only a few seconds to perform the measurement [32]. Delfin VapoMeter is currently used efficiently to assess the TER in subjects with thyroid gland disorders [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter

Alanazi¹

2019

IJOVS

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Background: Smoking cigarettes is associated with many chronic illnesses such as cancer, heart diseases, and cataract. In addition, smokers are more likely to develop dry eye symptoms compared with nonsmokers. Purpose: To assess the tear evaporation rate in chronic smokers using a VapoMeter. Materials and Method: This observational, case-control and nonrandomized study included one hundred and twenty male smokers that ranged in age from 18 to 43 years (mean ± SD = 25.4±5.8 years). An age (18-43 years) matching control group (120 male subjects), with a mean age of 26.1±5.2 years participated in the study. Each participant completed the ocular surface disease index dry eye questionnaire, then a VapoMeter was used to determine the tear evaporation rate. Result: Significant (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; p<0.05) differences were found between the average scores collected from the ocular surface disease index and the tear evaporation rate measurements within the smokers and nonsmokers groups. The average tear evaporation rate was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the study group [median (interquartile range; IQR) = 37.7 (59.3) g/m 2 h] compared with that obtained in control group [15.4 (13.1) g/m 2 h]. Moreover, the average score from the ocular surface disease index in smokers was significantly (p<0.05) higher [15.4 (13.1)] compared with that obtained in the control group [5.4 (5.5)]. Conclusion: Smokers have significant higher tear evaporation rates compared with nonsmokers and normal eye subjects. Clearly, VapoMeter can be used as a reliable tool to assess the eye dryness due to excessive evaporation of tears. Smoking is a risk factor for cancer, heart diseases, and cataract. In addition, smoking is a risk factor for eye dryness and contributes to evaporative dry eye disease, more likely due to the disturbance in the non-polar lipid layer within the tear film. Lipid-rich eye drops could be used to manage dry eye symptoms in smoker subjects. Moreover, smoking cessation remains the single most effective prophylactic measure to avoid dry eye symptoms.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter

Alanazi¹

2019

IJOVS

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“…26 In addition, evaluation of tear evaporation rate is an efficient technique to detect dry eye syndrome. 27 Dry eye-related questionnaires such as the McMonnies questionnaire and Ocular Surface Disease Index can be additionally used with all the above-mentioned tests. 14 In the present study, we investigated the effects of short-term oral vitamin A supplementation on the quantity and quality of tears in patients with dry eye as a continuation of our extensive research on the human tear film.…”

Section: Retinoic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Effects of short-term oral vitamin A supplementation on the ocular tear film in patients with dry eye</p>

Alanazi¹,

El‐Hiti²,

Al-Baloud³

et al. 2019

OPTH

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Objective: To investigate the effects of short-term oral vitamin A supplementation on the ocular tear film in patients with dry eye. Methods: In total, 30 male patients with dry eye (age range, 18-38 years; mean age, 25.2±2.8 years) who did not wear contact lenses or exhibit any ocular (other than dry eye) or systemic diseases were included, along with 30 age-matched men (control group; mean age, 24.5±2.3 years) with healthy eyes. Subject exclusion was based on the findings of the McMonnies questionnaire (cutoff score for dry eye: 14.5) and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. All subjects received an oral vitamin A supplement at a daily dose of 1,500 mg for 3 consecutive days. The phenol red thread (PRT) test was performed along with assessments of tear ferning (TF), tear osmolarity, and the tear break-up time (TBUT) before and 24 hours after the third dose of the vitamin A supplement. A 10-minute interval was observed between different tests. Results: In the dry eye group, the TF grade (Wilcoxon test, P=0.01) exhibited a significant decrease, while the tear osmolarity value (t-test, P=0.01) exhibited a significant increase after vitamin A supplementation. The PRT test findings (P=0.17) and TBUT (P=0.49) showed no significant differences before and after vitamin A supplementation. In the control group, vitamin A supplementation showed no significant effects on TF (P=0.74), tear osmolarity (P=0.55), the TBUT (P=0.19), and the PRT test scores (P=0.48). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that short-term oral vitamin A supplementation improves the quality, but not quantity, of tears in patients with dry eye. Future studies should involve larger patient samples and longer periods of vitamin A supplementation.

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“…These tests can measure the quantity or quality of tears. The most widely used techniques include the tear evaporation rate,23 tear film breakup time,24 meibomian gland dysfunction,25 tear osmolarity,26 tear ferning (TF),27–30 Schirmer test,29 phenol red thread (PRT) test,29 and tear meniscus height 30. The TF test is simple, quick, and can be used efficiently in eye clinics 31.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>The acute effect of a single dose of green tea on the quality and quantity of tears in normal eye subjects</p>

Masmali¹,

Alanazi²,

Alotaibi³

et al. 2019

OPTH

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Objective The study aimed to investigate the acute effect of a single dose of green tea on the quality and quantity of tears in normal eye subjects. Methods Forty normal eye subjects (22 men and 18 women) aged 19–39 years were enrolled in the study. Also, an age matching control group (20 males and 20 females) was enrolled for comparison. McMonnies dry eye symptoms questionnaire and slit lamp were used for the exclusion criteria determination. Phenol red thread (PRT) test was performed on both eyes of each subject. A tear sample was collected from the lower tear meniscus of the right eye of each subject for the tear ferning (TF) test, which was performed before (30 minutes) and after (60 minutes) drinking green tea. Results The median PRT measurement after green tea consumption was lower (median [IQR]=23.50 [8.00] mm) compared to that before consumption (median [IQR]=27.00 [8.75] mm). In contrast, the median TF grade was significantly higher following green tea consumption than that before consumption (median [IQR]=2.65 [1.23] vs 1.50 [0.88] mm, respectively). The results show that TF grades increased in 97.5%, and the red phenol thread scores decreased in 80% of the subjects after green tea consumption compared to those before consumption. The PRT readings and TF grades were significantly different ( P <0.05) before and after green tea consumption. Conclusion Drinking green tea could have a significant effect on the eye tear film quality. Tear quality appeared to decrease after green tea consumption.

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Assessment of tear-evaporation rate in thyroid-gland patients

Cited by 30 publications

References 34 publications

Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter

Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter

<p>Effects of short-term oral vitamin A supplementation on the ocular tear film in patients with dry eye</p>

<p>The acute effect of a single dose of green tea on the quality and quantity of tears in normal eye subjects</p>

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