Assessment of surface water resource and allocation optimization for diverse demands in Ethiopia's upper Bilate Watershed

Modeling canopy water content in the assessment for rainfall induced surface and groundwater nitrate contamination: The Bilate cropland sub watershed

“…The watershed originates from the Gurage Highlands and ends on the shores of Abaya Lake, comprising part of the SNNPR zones; Hadiya, KT, Gurage, Silte, Wolaita, Sidama and Alaba special woredas; and small parts of the south-central Oromiya regional states. The catchment area of Bilate River, which flows into Abaya Lake from the Gurage Highlands in the north of Abaya-Chamo Basin, accounts for about 38% of the Abaya Lake basin [ 46 ]. It is located between the coordinates 37,°47′6″ and 38, 0 20′14″E and 6°33′18″ and 8°6′57″N, respectively.…”

“…The IGBP land use land cover class value [ 47 ] for observing cropland in time series was resampled to 250 m using the majority resampling technique algorithm to extract cropland within the watershed and converted into a shape file to provide information about the Type of crops to crop from Ethiopian Livelihood Zone data. Cropland was extracted from MODIS-MCD12Q1 of NASA Earth data [ 46 , 51 ] to create a land classification lookup table. Since cultivated area, cultivation dates and growing season are parameters and variables [ 56 ], it is important for modeling NO − 3 -N occurrence through runoff leaching from the main agricultural watershed to downstream of the watershed.…”