Assessment of surface water quality on three eastern North Carolina golf courses

Ryals, Scott C.; Genter, Mary Beth; Leidy, R. B.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620171007

Cited by 30 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…These concentrations were 50 to 160 100 times less than the proposed criterion value. The atrazine concentrations in this study are similar to those reported by Swancar (1996) for eight Florida golf courses (range"0.04}1.3 g/L) and by Ryals et al (1998) for three North Carolina golf courses (range"0}0.08 g/L).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effects of a Coastal Golf Complex on Water Quality, Periphyton, and Seagrass

Lewis

Boustany

Dantin

et al. 2002

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effects of a Coastal Golf Complex on Water Quality, Periphyton, and Seagrass

Lewis

Boustany

Dantin

et al. 2002

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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“…These wetlands consist of permanent lakes and ponds, streams, creeks, and estuaries, as well as seasonal wetlands (Scott et al 2002). While a number of studies have evaluated the movement of fertilizers and pesticides from golf courses to groundwater and surface water (see, e.g., Ryals et al 1998, Lewis et al 2001, with a major review by Cohen et al (1999), which concludes that there are generally no significant human toxicological impacts, little is known about golf courses' chemical impacts on wetland fauna (Winter et al 2002). To our knowledge, this paper represents the first peer-reviewed, European assessment of amphibians and macroinvertebrates in golf course water bodies, with a focus on central greater Stockholm, the capital province of Sweden.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Golf courses and wetland fauna

Colding¹,

Lundberg²,

Lundberg³

et al. 2009

Ecological Applications

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Abstract. Golf courses are often considered to be chemical-intensive ecosystems with negative impacts on fauna. Here we provide evidence that golf courses can contribute to the support and conservation of wetland fauna, i.e., amphibians and macroinvertebrates. Comparisons of amphibian occurrence, diversity of macroinvetebrates, and occurrence of species of conservation concern were made between permanent freshwater ponds surveyed on golf courses around Sweden's capital city, Stockholm, and off-course ponds in natureprotected areas and residential parklands. A total of 71 macroinvertebrate species were recorded in the field study, with no significant difference between golf course ponds and offcourse ponds at the species, genus, or family levels. A within-group similarities test showed that golf course ponds have a more homogenous species composition than ponds in natureprotected areas and ponds in residential parkland. Within the macroinvertebrate group, a total of 11 species of odonates were identified, with no difference detected between the categories of ponds, nor any spatial autocorrelation. Significant differences were found between pond categories in the occurrence of five species of amphibians, although anuran occurrence did not differ between ponds. The great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) was significantly associated with golf course ponds, but the smooth newt (Triturus vulgaris) was not. We found no evidence of any correlation between pond size and occurrence of amphibians. Among the taxa of conservation concern included in the sample, all amphibians are nationally protected in Sweden, with the internationally threatened T. cristatus more frequently found in golf course ponds. Among macroinveterbrates of conservation status, the large white-faced darter dragonfly (Leucorrhinia pectoralis) was only detected in golf course ponds, and Tricholeiochiton fagesi (Trichoptera) was only found in one off-course pond. GIS results revealed that golf courses provide over a quarter of all available permanent, freshwater ponds in central greater Stockholm. We assert that golf courses have the potential to contribute to wetland fauna support, particularly in urban settings where they may significantly contribute to wetland creation. We propose a greater involvement of ecologists in the design of golf courses to further bolster this potential.

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“…Pesticide contamination in surface waters and groundwaters on golf courses has been documented in a number of field studies [2–4]. Research with simulated turfgrass plots also has revealed pesticide losses in surface runoff and leachate [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating best management practices at an urban golf course

Davis

Lydy

2002

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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This three-year study evaluated the effects of best management practices (BMPs) in reducing surface water contamination at an urban golf course. Water samples were collected before BMP implementation from two ponds on Braeburn Golf Course (Wichita, KS, USA). The pesticides 2,4-dicholorodiphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and simazine were periodically found at concentrations above recommended water quality criteria. Excessive nutrients in the form of nitrates and total phosphorus were also measured. In addition, an assessment of macroinvertebrate populations revealed only a few tolerant species. Beginning in year 2, recommendations to alter chemical applications on the course were implemented as part of the BMPs. Surface water sampling during year 2 showed significant declines in nitrate and total phosphorus levels; however, seasonal contamination from pesticides continued to occur. Beginning in year 3, structural changes to the golf course were made as part of the BMPs. Subsequent water sampling indicated further reductions of nitrates (80%) and total phosphorus (40 and 60% in the two ponds, respectively), and elimination of contamination from spring applications of 2,4-D and simazine. Finally, an assessment of macroinvertebrate populations indicated an improvement in taxa richness, as well as repopulation by less tolerant organisms. Results of this study can be used to develop and refine golf course management procedures to protect aquatic environments.

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Assessment of surface water quality on three eastern North Carolina golf courses

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

Effects of a Coastal Golf Complex on Water Quality, Periphyton, and Seagrass

Effects of a Coastal Golf Complex on Water Quality, Periphyton, and Seagrass

Golf courses and wetland fauna

Evaluating best management practices at an urban golf course

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