Assessment of skin irritancy in man by laser Doppler flowmetry

Nilsson, Gert; Otto, Uno; Wahlberg, Jan E.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1982.tb04266.x

Cited by 145 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A "perfect" techmque does not yet ex1st, but the combmat10n of several methods may g1ve reliable results. The naked (8) no correlatiOn with stronger reactwns (6,8) good quantification of erythema (17) artifacts could be produced positiomng the probe not helpful unless VIsible erythema IS detectable (20) difficult positionmg on the skm dimmution of edema with pressure more reliable than caliper differentiation withm ? +, + and + + reactwns (24) not all Irritants mcrease TEWL (33) good correlatiOn with SLS (33) sensitive to environmental conditions time consummg (compared to the eyes and fingers) storage of several data recorded by different operators eye still remams the simplest, qmckest and cheapest way to assess skm Irritancy, but LDV can detect mvisible changes of blood flow helpful m evaluatmg doubtful patch test reactiOns.…”

Section: Electncal Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioengineering and the patch test

Berardesca¹,

Maibach

1988

Contact Dermatitis

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Several non-mvasive techmques based on different physical prmciples have been developed to mveshgate skm function and have been used for patch test assessment. In the present paper, the advantages and the defects of these methods are described m the light of the more recent data available m literature. Meanwhile, the eye and the fingers still remam the simplest method to assess skm mitancy. Bioengmeenng techmques could provide efficient recording systems for monitormg skm color, skm blood flow and barner function damage, useful to the mveshgator rather than to the climc~an.Key words: Laser doppler veloc1metry -skm thickness measurements -remittance spectroscopytrans-epidermal water loss -patch test. Accepted for publicatwn 2 September 1987 Bioengmeermg and the Patch TestIs the eye the most powerful, sensitive and reliable mstrument to evaluate skm disease? The question IS complex. New and sophisticated bwengmeenng techmques may offer valuable quantificatiOn for research purposes. There IS a need for non-mvasive, sensitive methods to quantify IrritatiOn, skm penetratiOn and skm functiOn m many fields of mvestJgatiVe dermatology mcluding patch test assessment.SubjeCtive climcal assessment of patch test reactiOns IS rapid and mexpensive, but sometimes unreliable, depending as It does on the bnghtness of the room, the patient's skm color (slight erythema can be perceived easily m skm types I or II), and the exammer's skill (2 different exammers may give different VISual scores to the same patch). Furthermore, the same degree of erythema can occur with two different edematous reactiOns. When should we score 1 for a palpable lesiOn and score 2 for a "more" palpable one? What IS the range between two degrees of edema? These questiOns are not merely academic, smce discnmmatmg between doubtful patch test reactiOns could be of great Importance for the correct management and follow-up of the patient. This review focuses on recent accomplishments, and on what remams to be done m the future to answer these questiOns.Several non-mvas1ve techmques based on different physical pnnc1ples have been developed to mvest1gate skm functiOn and have been used for patch-test assessment. The advantages of these bwengmeenng methods are represented by the possibility of collectmg data with objectiVIty and, by momtonng readings and values on a linear scale With recording devices, allowmg the companson of data gathered by different workers. Furthermore, parametnc statistics can be computed m order to analyse data and significance. Optical Techmques Laser doppler ve/oCimetryLaser doppler velocimetry (LDV) IS an optical

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Section: Electncal Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioengineering and the patch test

Berardesca¹,

Maibach

1988

Contact Dermatitis

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“…The exposure can indirectly be measured through changes in the skin. Evaporimeters measure the evaporation of water from the skin (5) and laser Doppler flow meters record the blood flow (6,7). In a previous study we used the occursence of oil acne as an indicator of skin exposure to cutting fluids in a workshop (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Variability in skin exposure in machine operators exposed to cutting fluids

Wassenius

Järvholm²,

Engström³

et al. 1998

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Variability in skin exposure in machine operators exposed to cutting fluids by Wassenius O, Järvholm B, Engström T, Lillienberg L, Meding B Key terms: hand eczema; occupation; skin exposure This article in PubMed: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9630060 Scand J Work Environ Health 1998;24(2): 125-9 Variability in the skin exposure of machine operators exposed to cutting fluids by Ola Wassenius, MSG,' Bengt Jarvholm, MD,* Tomas Engstrom, PhD,' Linnea Lillienberg, PhD,3 Birgitta Meding, MD4 Wassenius 0, Jarvholm B, Engstrom T, Lillienberg L, Meding B. Variability in skin exposure in machine operators exposed to cutting fluids. Scand J Work Envi ron Heal th 1998;24(2):125-9.Objective This study describes a new technique for measuring skin exposure to cutting fluids and evaluates the variability of skin exposure among machine operators performing cyclic (repetitive) work. Methods The technique is based on video recording and subsequent analysis of the video tape by means of computer-synchronized video equipment. The time intervals at which the machine operator's hand was exposed to fluid were registered, and the total wet time of the skin was calculated by assuming different evaporation times for the fluid. The exposure of 12 operators with different work methods was analyzed in 6 different workshops, which included a range of machine types, from highly automated metal cutting machines (ie, actual cutting and chip removal machines) requiring operator supervision to conventional metal cutting machines, where the operator was required to maneuver the machine and manually exchange products. Results The relative wet time varied between 0% and 100%. A significant association between short cycle time and high relative wet time was noted. However, there was no relationship between the degree of automatization of the metal cutting machines and wet time.C O~C~U S~O~S The study shows that skin exposure to cutting fluids can vary considerably between machine operators involved in manufacturing processes using different types of metal cutting machines. The machine type was not associated with dermal wetness. The technique appears to give objective information about dermal wetness.

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“…The correlation between these effects has not yet been fully established. The use of LDV has proven more accurate than visual scoring in the scaling and differentiation of irritation effects [24][25][26], and it has also been employed to measure the effects of enhancers on the percutaneous absorption of nicotinates [27,28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo Human Skin Barrier Modulation by Topical Application of Fatty Acids

Tanojo

Boelsma

Junginger

et al. 1998

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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The in vivo effects of fatty acids on skin barrier function were assessed by measuring: (i) transepidermal water loss (TEWL), (ii) diffusion lag times for hexyl nicotinate (HN), and (iii) irritant skin response using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) in combination with visual scoring. Two classes of fatty acids have been investigated: straight-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA), having 6–12 carbon atoms, and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA): oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic and arachidonic acids. It has been reported that these acids can enhance the permeation of various compounds across the skin. After topical and occlusive application as a solution in propylene glycol (PG) for 3 h on the volar arm of human subjects, SFA only caused a slight irritation and increase in TEWL. The diffusion lag times of HN were reduced by the application SFA to the same extent as and not more than by the application of the pure solvent PG. In contrast, the application of UFA caused a significant increase in TEWL and LDV (irritation) responses. The TEWL values after oleic acid application were higher than those observed for the other three acids, while the irritation potential of arachidonic acid was the highest among UFA. As with SFA, sites treated with UFA did not show significantly different lag times of HN diffusion from PC-treated sites. The data suggest that the degree of irritation and the degree of barrier modulation for fatty acids are not necessarily correlated.

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Assessment of skin irritancy in man by laser Doppler flowmetry

Cited by 145 publications

References 4 publications

Bioengineering and the patch test

Bioengineering and the patch test

Variability in skin exposure in machine operators exposed to cutting fluids

In vivo Human Skin Barrier Modulation by Topical Application of Fatty Acids

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