Assessment of site-specific greenhouse gas emissions of chemical producers: Case studies of propylene and toluene diisocyanate

Plasma‐catalytic synthesis of acrylonitrile from methane and nitrogen

“…22 The process is energy and CO 2 intensive, requiring approximately 2.8 kWh per kg of propylene, and emitting 1.0 kg CO 2 e per kg of propylene. 22 Moreover, the propylene, which costs approximately $1.0 kg À1 , comprises 67% of the cost of producing AN by ammoxidation, 23 resulting in a production cost of approximately $1.5 per kg of acrylonitrile. The ammonia used by the SOHIO process is made by the Haber-Bosch process using hydrogen synthesized by methane steam reforming, which requires 9.4 kWh per kg of NH 3 , 24 and emits approximately 1.5 kg CO 2 e per kg NH 3 .…”

“…The industrial state‐of‐the‐art SOHIO process is the benchmark. The propylene used for the synthesis of AN by ammoxidation is produced by naphtha crackers 22 . The process is energy and CO 2 intensive, requiring approximately 2.8 kWh per kg of propylene, and emitting 1.0 kg CO 2 e per kg of propylene 22 .…”

“…The propylene used for the synthesis of AN by ammoxidation is produced by naphtha crackers 22 . The process is energy and CO 2 intensive, requiring approximately 2.8 kWh per kg of propylene, and emitting 1.0 kg CO 2 e per kg of propylene 22 . Moreover, the propylene, which costs approximately $1.0 kg −1 , comprises 67% of the cost of producing AN by ammoxidation, 23 resulting in a production cost of approximately $1.5 per kg of acrylonitrile.…”

Mixed oxides as multi-functional reaction media for chemical looping catalysis

“…1 (a) The global annual production volumes and the associated CO 2 emissions of ethylene, propylene, butadiene, and styrene; 3-10 (b) top: comparison between the energy requirement of conventional dehydrogenation (DH) processes to that of the oxidative processes with in situ H 2 combustion (assuming an ideal process with 100% hydrogen byproduct combustion); bottom: comparison between the CO 2 emission from the existing processes to the CO 2 utilization potential from the energy resulting from in situ H 2 combustion (assuming an ideal scenario of utilizing the energy from H 2 combustion for CO 2 splitting to CO). [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of: (a) a generic CLC process: a metal oxide redox catalyst combusts fuel into CO 2 in the oxidation step; the reduced metal oxide is reoxidized in the regeneration step with air; (b) a metal oxide redox catalyst oxidatively converts a light alkane into an olefin product in the oxidation step; the reduced metal oxide is reoxidized in the regeneration step with air.…”

“…At present, the unsaturated hydrocarbons ( i.e. Ethylene, 3 Propylene, 4–8 Butadiene 3,7 and Styrene 9,10 ) listed in Fig. 1 are primarily produced by dehydrogenation or cracking processes, either thermally or in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst.…”