Assessment of serum electrolytes and kidney function test for screening of chronic kidney disease among Ethiopian Public Health Institute staff members, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is characterized by its asymptomatic nature until an end stage, is one of the most common public health problems in the world. Thus, a regular checkup, especially for those individuals with high risk groups is inevitably important, and the screening has been done with laboratory findings. However, in developing countries, including Ethiopia screening for CKD are rarely done, and it is becoming common to hear sudden death from the kidney failure. Therefore, we aimed to screen serum electrolyte levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) staff members for an early detection of CKD and to identify the factors associated with it. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 1 to October 28, 2018 among EPHI staff members. The level of serum creatinine and electrolytes were measured using COBAS 6000 analyzer. Then, eGFR was calculated using MDRD and CKD-EPI equations. Data analysis were done using SPSS version 20, and the factors associated with the outcome variable were assessed using logistic regression. P values < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results This study found that 3.6 and 1.9% of the study participants were at CKD stage II by MDRD and CKD-EPI equations, respectively. Out of the total study participants, 9.5% had hyperkalemia (serum potassium level > 5.0 mmol/L) and 8.5% had hypocalcemia (serum calcium level < 2.15 mmol/L). An older age (P = 0.006), high BMI (P = 0.045) and previous history of CVDs (P = 0.033) were found to be significantly associated factors with reduced glomerular filtration rate. Nine percent of the study participants were obese, 6.1% had family history of kidney failure, 18% self-reported history of hypertension, 3.4% diabetic and 5.3% had CVDs. About 51.2% of the study participants were males, and the majorities, (66%) of the study participants were found to be alcohol consumers. Conclusions The prevalence of a stage II kidney disease was relatively low and none of the participants was under serious kidney disease (GFR < 60 mmol/min/1.73m2). An older age, high BMI and previous history of CVDs were significantly associated with reduced GFR. Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia were the major electrolyte disorders in the study participants.

Assessment of serum biochemical derangements and associated risk factors of chronic kidney disease

“…In the present investigation, disturbed Cl − was observed in 48.8% of CKD patients, which is in accordance with Molla et al., who reported a 5.8% prevalence of disturbed chloremia in CKD patients. 37 The high incidence of altered Cl − is due to the fact that all the participants in the current study were suffering from CKD. Moreover, it has been reported in the literature that the mechanisms that regulate serum Na +1 concentration are involved in maintaining the serum Cl − level 40 ; our finding strengthens this fact, as the Na + and Cl − prevalence patterns are comparable ( Table 3 ).…”

“… 36 These results are in line with Mulla et al., who reported that 96% of kidney patients had normal sodium levels, while only 2.4% were suffering from hypernatremia. 37 …”

Effect of Vitellaria paradoxa (Shea Butter) Rich Diet on Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in White Wistar Rats

“…Serum creatinine concentration was estimated using Jaffe's kinetic method while serum urea was estimated by the diacetyl monoxime DAM method [19]. The level of serum electrolytes was determined by the ion selective electrode principle of COBAS 6000 (c501) [20].…”

Solving the Puzzle of Global Health Inequity: Completing the Picture Piece by Piece by Piece

“…Variations in genotypes among population groups, for example, can have significant implications for treatment in areas such as breast cancer (Hadgu et al, 2020 ) and preeclampsia (Kelemu et al, 2020a , 2020b ). Important differences also exist in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD; Molla et al, 2020 ), abnormal glucose tolerance (Hobabagabo et al, 2020 ), and in-hospital mortality rates for older adults (Orikiriza et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Characteristics of individuals: Self-efficacy What interventions and technologies are key to eradicating global health inequities? •Interventions and devices must fit local contexts •Appropriate funding is essential •Barriers to service provision must be understood •Public messaging with ongoing evaluative research can maximise behaviour change Hadgu et al ( 2020 ), Kelemu et al ( 2020a , 2020b ), Molla et al ( 2020 ), Hobabagabo et al ( 2020 ), Orikiriza et al ( 2020 ), Chandler et al ( 2020 ), Carey and Gullifer ( 2020a ), *Leckning et al ( 2020 ), Carey et al ( 2020a , 2020b ), Iverson et al 2020 ), HIrschhorn et al ( 2020 ), Wotton and Binagwaho ( 2020 ), Isano et al ( 2020 ), Louis et al ( 2020 ), Lazarus et al ( 2020b ), Ratzan et al ( 2020 ), *Nduwayezu et al ( 2020 ), Harrington et al ( 2020 ), Forrester et al ( 2020 ), Atun et al ( 2020 ), Semret et al ( 2020 ), *Ndayambaje et al ( 2020 ), Chu et al ( 2020 ), Kediso et al ( 2020 ), Tuasha et al ( 2020 ), Owolabi et al ( 2020a , 2020b ), Karangwa et al ( 2020 ), Carey and Gullifer ( 2020b ), Landrigan et al ( 2020 ), Binagwaho et al ( 2020 ) I. Intervention characteristics: Adaptability; complexity; cost II.…”