Assessment of salivary stress and pain biomarkers and their relation to self-reported pain intensity during orthodontic tooth movement: a longitudinal and prospective study

Bavbek, Nehir Canıgür; Bozkaya, Erdal; İşler, Sıla Çağrı; Elbeğ, Şehri; Uraz, Ahu; Yüksel, Sema

doi:10.1007/s00056-021-00311-4

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, they contradict the data of Chetan et al [ 39 ], who found that there is a statistically significant decrease in salivary cortisol levels in orthodontic patients 1 h and 4–6 weeks after the start of the treatment. Moreover, Canigur et al [ 40 ] showed that orthodontic tooth movement did not cause significant alterations in salivary pain and stress biomarkers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Different Orthodontic Brackets on Cytokine and Cortisol Profile

et al. 2023

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Background and Objectives: Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) requires bone remodeling resulting from complex processes of aseptic inflammation. Recent studies have confirmed close interaction between the immune and skeletal systems. In addition, various orthodontic appliances including fixed systems affect the sublingual microbial composition, and the likelihood of developing inflammatory reactions of the gums is high, especially early in the treatment period. It is known that these systems have both positive and negative effects on the humoral and cellular immune responses. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of self-ligating and conventional brackets on the salivary concentrations of cytokines (IL-6, osteoprotegerin (OPG), TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma) and cortisol as a marker of stress. Materials and Methods: Forty patients were analyzed at baseline (T0) and 2 months (T2) after fixing self-ligating (Ormco Damond Q) and conventional brackets (Ormco Mini Diamond). Salivary cytokine and cortisol concentrations were evaluated by commercial ELISA kits. Results: Outcomes of our study showed that after two months of treatment with either of these brackets, IFN-gamma and IL-6 levels did not change. However, TNF-alpha decreased with self-ligating brackets (13.36 to 8.32, p = 0.002). The self-ligating bracket system also affects OPG concentration and cortisol levels 2 months after orthodontic activation. The level of OPG in the group of self-ligating brackets decreased significantly (8.55 to 2.72, p = 0.003). Cortisol concentration was significantly higher in the self-ligation group (25.72 to 48.45, p = 0.001) due to the effect of sustained strength movements. Conclusions: Thus, the use of self-ligating and conventional brackets has a different effect on the concentration of cortisol and cytokines (OPG and TNF-alpha) in saliva 2 months after their fixation. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to explore why OPG levels are decreased in case of self-ligating cases and how OPG levels are related to clinical improvement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Different Orthodontic Brackets on Cytokine and Cortisol Profile

et al. 2023

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“…However, this study used a short-lasting, high-intensity pain model, which may have resulted in a pain state that was too short-lasting to activate the autonomic nervous system (ANS), leading to sAA secretion [41]. Furthermore, orthodontic tooth removal did not cause significant changes in sAA in response to pain and stress in children [26]. Similarly, a study by Sadi et al failed to show any significant correlation between dental anxiety and sAA values [38].…”

Section: Salivary α-Amylasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, Brockington et al suggested that a combination of increased oxytocin and reduced cortisol may reduce negative emotions and pain perception in children during hospitalization [25]. However, a study on orthodontic tooth procedures did not result in significant alterations in salivary cortisol levels [26].…”

Section: Cortisolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such biomarkers as somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, dynorphin A (DA), serotonin, chromogranin A (CgA), and prolactin, among others, are being studied for their potential use in pain diagnostics in experimental settings [26,47,49]. Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y are involved in the pain regulatory pathway, and Symons et al found that their levels were higher in children with pain than in those without pain [47].…”

Section: Other Biomoleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring Non-Invasive Salivary Biomarkers for Acute Pain Diagnostics: A Comprehensive Review

Stendelyte,

Malinauskas,

Grinkeviciute

et al. 2023

Diagnostics

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Pain is one of the most common complaints leading to a pediatric emergency department visit and is associated with various painful procedures, leading to increased anxiety and stress. Assessing and treating pain in children can be challenging, so it is crucial to investigate new methods for pain diagnosis. The review aims to summarize the literature on non-invasive salivary biomarkers, such as proteins and hormones, for pain assessment in urgent pediatric care settings. Eligible studies were those that included novel protein and hormone biomarkers in acute pain diagnostics and were not older than 10 years. Chronic pain studies were excluded. Further, articles were divided into two groups: studies in adults and studies in children (<18 years). The following characteristics were extracted and summarized: study author, enrollment date, study location, patient age, study type, number of cases and groups, as well as tested biomarkers. Salivary biomarkers, such as cortisol, salivary α-amylase, and immunoglobulins, among others, could be appropriate for children as saliva collection is painless. However, hormonal levels can differ among children in different developmental stages and with various health conditions, with no predetermined levels of saliva. Thus, further exploration of biomarkers in pain diagnostics is still necessary.

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“…In clinical relevance, SAA is a potentially cost‐effective biomarker of psychological stress that can be used to objectively assess the severity of pain for a patient (Christidis et al, 2020 ; Laurikainen et al, 1988 ; Nater & Rohleder, 2009 ; Nederfors & Dahlof, 1996 ; Nederfors et al, 1994 ; Speirs et al, 1974 ; van Stegeren et al, 2006 ). Regarding oral and periodontal diseases, SAA has been referenced for assessing pain perception and severity in many types of patients (Canigur Bavbek et al, 2021 ; Castillo‐Felipe et al, 2022 ; Cotoia et al, 2018 ; Vahedi et al, 2018 ; Vaswani et al, 2020 ; Wittwer et al, 2016 ; Yennurajalingam et al, 2018 ). Mechanistically, painful stimuli initially activate symptomatic systems to increase plasma epinephrine or norepinephrine secretions and subsequently increase SAA secretions in response to pain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain intensity and salivary α‐amylase activity in patients following mandibular third molar surgery

Surin

Chatiketu

Hutachok

et al. 2022

Clinical & Exp Dental Res

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Objective: We aimed to compare the levels of pain and salivary α-amylase (SAA) in patients before and after mandibular third molar surgery.Materials and Methods: Patients were divided into asymptomatic and symptomatic groups and were then identified by the analgesic drug taken throughout the 2-week study. The visual analog scale (VAS) was employed to evaluate the severity of pain experienced by a given subject before treatment, when the anesthetic wore off, in the morning, and at night for a period of 1 week. Saliva was collected from the mouth floor of the subjects and the levels of SAA activity were measured at indicated times. Results:The levels of postoperative pain were higher than those of pretreatment pain (p < 0.05), but were not necessarily different between the two groups. The pain levels were positively correlated with SAA activities in both groups (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the number of analgesics taken by the two groups and the postoperative complications observed during the study. A significant correlation was observed between the VAS pain scale and SAA activities. Conclusion:SAA would be a simple effective biomarker for the objective assessment of pain intensity in patients who have undergone mandibular third molar surgery.

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Assessment of salivary stress and pain biomarkers and their relation to self-reported pain intensity during orthodontic tooth movement: a longitudinal and prospective study

Cited by 6 publications

References 39 publications

Influence of Different Orthodontic Brackets on Cytokine and Cortisol Profile

Influence of Different Orthodontic Brackets on Cytokine and Cortisol Profile

Exploring Non-Invasive Salivary Biomarkers for Acute Pain Diagnostics: A Comprehensive Review

Pain intensity and salivary α‐amylase activity in patients following mandibular third molar surgery

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