Assessment of Salivary Adipokines Resistin, Visfatin, and Ghrelin as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Biomarkers

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is emerging as a metabolic epidemic worldwide. Pathologically, dysregulation of many biological pathways precedes hyperglycemia and the clinical diagnosis of T2DM. Changing trajectories along the process of T2DM development necessitates frequent measurement of biomarkers for early identification of at-risk individuals and successful prevention. Increase in circulating inflammatory adipokines has been suggested as predictive of T2DM. Human saliva is an easily accessible biospecimen amenable for painless frequent collection and possesses nearly 50% of serum proteome. In this study, we measured the adipokines resistin, visfatin, TNF-α, and ghrelin as markers for T2DM in unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) using specific assay kits. Resistin and visfatin concentrations were significantly higher in T2DM saliva. Although the concentration of acylated or unacylated ghrelin was lower in diabetic saliva, the decrease was not significant. Since resistin and visfatin are biomarkers integral to T2DM pathology, their salivary assessments may receive clinical acceptance.

Quercetin modulates hyperglycemia by improving the pancreatic antioxidant status and enzymes activities linked with glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes model of rats: In silico studies of molecular interaction of quercetin with hexokinase and catalase

“…Oral administration of quercetin and metformin caused significant reduction (p < .05) of the blood glucose level within the range of 27.8% and 46.3%. Our results corroborate with the findings ofSrinivasan, Meadows, and Maxwell (2018), who reported a similar antidiabetic activity of quercetin in STZ-induced diabetic rats through enhanced insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells Eid and Haddad (2017). also attributed the antidiabetic effect of quercetin to the inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption and improved glucose utilization in peripheral tissues.…”

Association of serum chemerin and inflammatory factors with type 2 diabetes macroangiopathy and waist-to-stature ratio

“…Numerous studies have reported a close correlation between adipocytokines (such as leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and apelin) and the incidence of T2DM and IR [17][18][19]. Chemerin is a newly identified adipocytokine, and recent cell, animal, and clinical studies have shown that serum chemerin levels are correlated with obesity, diabetes, IR, and metabolic syndrome [8,11,20,21].…”

<p>The Clinical Utility of Salivary Biomarkers in the Identification of Type 2 Diabetes Risk and Metabolic Syndrome</p>

“…96 Minimal differences in TNF-α concentration (50 pg/mL increase in diabetic participants) were observed between the diabetic participants and healthy controls. The difference in outcomes from both studies could be possibly attributed to the fact that participants in the Srinivasan et al 96 were self-reported type 2 diabetics whereas participants in the Tvarijonaviciute et al 29 were diagnosed type 2 diabetics based off the American Diabetes Association criteria. Given these inconsistencies, more research needs to be conducted on TNF-α as a salivary biomarker of type 2 diabetes in order to determine its clinical utility.…”

“…88,89,91 Despite the established method of collecting TNF-α through serum samples, recent interest in measuring salivary samples has emerged. 29,47,86,91,96 Mentioned prior, Tvarijonaviciute et al 29 examined various salivary cytokines in type 2 diabetics with the objective of comparing their data to healthy controls (Table 1). Salivary TNF-α was 1.9-fold greater in type 2 diabetics versus nondiabetics (P<0.049).…”

“…Given these inconsistencies, more research needs to be conducted on TNF-α as a salivary biomarker of type 2 diabetes in order to determine its clinical utility. 96…”