Assessment of retention and persistence of copper fungicides on orange fruit and leaves using fluorometry and copper residue analyses

Schutte, G. C.; Kotze, C.; Zyl, J. Gideon van; Fourie, Pieter

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.04.015

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…From this assay, it appears that P. paracapitalensis is similar to P. capitalensis , demonstrating them to have similar ecologies, occurring as asymptomatic endophytes in citrus tissue. Considering that mature citrus fruit are resistant to P. citricarpa infection under field conditions (Kiely, 1948b, Schutte et al., 2003, Schutte et al., 2012, Miles et al., 2004), and since the harsh artificial inoculation technique used in the pathogenicity assay did not resemble natural field infection ( i.e. direct penetration of unwounded tissue following long wetness periods; Kotzé, 1963, McOnie, 1967, Noronha, 2002) these findings should be regarded as preliminary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report ofPhyllosticta citricarpaand description of two new species,P. paracapitalensisandP. paracitricarpa, from citrus in Europe

Guarnaccia

Groenewald

et al. 2017

Studies in Mycology

252

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The genus Phyllosticta occurs worldwide, and contains numerous plant pathogenic, endophytic and saprobic species. Phyllosticta citricarpa is the causal agent of Citrus Black Spot disease (CBS), affecting fruits and leaves of several citrus hosts (Rutaceae), and can also be isolated from asymptomatic citrus tissues. Citrus Black Spot occurs in citrus-growing regions with warm summer rainfall climates, but is absent in countries of the European Union (EU). Phyllosticta capitalensis is morphologically similar to P. citricarpa, but is a non-pathogenic endophyte, commonly isolated from citrus leaves and fruits and a wide range of other hosts, and is known to occur in Europe. To determine which Phyllosticta spp. occur within citrus growing regions of EU countries, several surveys were conducted (2015–2017) in the major citrus production areas of Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain to collect both living plant material and leaf litter in commercial nurseries, orchards, gardens, backyards and plant collections. A total of 64 Phyllosticta isolates were obtained from citrus in Europe, of which 52 were included in a multi-locus (ITS, actA, tef1, gapdh, LSU and rpb2 genes) DNA dataset. Two isolates from Florida (USA), three isolates from China, and several reference strains from Australia, South Africa and South America were included in the overall 99 isolate dataset. Based on the data obtained, two known species were identified, namely P. capitalensis (from asymptomatic living leaves of Citrus spp.) in Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain, and P. citricarpa (from leaf litter of C. sinensis and C. limon) in Italy, Malta and Portugal. Moreover, two new species were described, namely P. paracapitalensis (from asymptomatic living leaves of Citrus spp.) in Italy and Spain, and P. paracitricarpa (from leaf litter of C. limon) in Greece. On a genotypic level, isolates of P. citricarpa populations from Italy and Malta (MAT1-2-1) represented a single clone, and those from Portugal (MAT1-1-1) another. Isolates of P. citricarpa and P. paracitricarpa were able to induce atypical lesions (necrosis) in artificially inoculated mature sweet orange fruit, while P. capitalensis and P. paracapitalensis induced no lesions. The Phyllosticta species recovered were not found to be widespread, and were not associated with disease symptoms, indicating that the fungi persisted over time, but did not cause disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report ofPhyllosticta citricarpaand description of two new species,P. paracapitalensisandP. paracitricarpa, from citrus in Europe

Guarnaccia

Groenewald

et al. 2017

Studies in Mycology

252

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“…In countries such as South Africa and Australia, the applications for control of CBS are restricted to the critical period of P. citricarpa infection, from petal fall stage, in October, to 120–150 days later, January–February (Kotzé ; Kiely, ; Miles et al ., ; Schutte et al ., 1997, ). Typically, two to five spray rounds (dependent on citrus type and climate suitability of the production region for CBS) of mancozeb or copper‐based fungicides alone, or in mixture with MBC or QoI plus oil, are applied in South Africa, using high volumes from 6000 to 16 000 L/ha (Moyo et al ., ; Schutte et al ., , , ). In Brazil, where conditions are much more favourable for CBS (Magarey et al ., ), a longer period of fruit protection is required (Lanza et al ., ; Silva‐Junior et al ., , 2016b).…”

Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most effective strategy for control of CBS is the fungicide application during the period of fruit susceptibility (Lanza et al, 2018;Makowski et al, 2014;Schutte et al, 2003). The main fungicides used are strobilurins (quinone outside inhibitors, QoI), dithiocarbamates and fixed copper (multisite activity), and methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), which may be applied singly or in mixtures with mineral oil (Dewdney et al, 2018;Kellerman and Kotze, 1977;Kotze, 1981Kotze, , 2000Miles et al, 2004;Schutte et al, 2003Schutte et al, , 2012Silva-Junior et al, 2016a, 2016b. Sprays of QoI fungicides may reduce CBS symptoms by almost 100%, becoming one of the most valuable solutions for disease control (Dewdney et al, 2018;Fogliata et al, 2011;Miles et al, 2004;Schutte et al, 2003;Silva-Junior et al, 2016a).…”

Section: I S E a S E M A N Ag E M E N Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus

Guarnaccia

Gehrmann

Silva

et al. 2019

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Summary Several Phyllosticta species are known as pathogens of Citrus spp., and are responsible for various disease symptoms including leaf and fruit spots. One of the most important species is P. citricarpa, which causes a foliar and fruit disease called citrus black spot. The Phyllosticta species occurring on citrus can most effectively be distinguished from P. citricarpa by means of multilocus DNA sequence data. Recent studies also demonstrated P. citricarpa to be heterothallic, and reported successful mating in the laboratory. Since the domestication of citrus, different clones of P. citricarpa have escaped Asia to other continents via trade routes, with obvious disease management consequences. This pathogen profile represents a comprehensive literature review of this pathogen and allied taxa associated with citrus, focusing on identification, distribution, genomics, epidemiology and disease management. This review also considers the knowledge emerging from seven genomes of Phyllosticta spp., demonstrating unknown aspects of these species, including their mating behaviour. Taxonomy Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa, 1973. Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Botryosphaeriales, Family Phyllostictaceae, Genus Phyllosticta, Species citricarpa. Host range Confirmed on more than 12 Citrus species, Phyllosticta citricarpa has only been found on plant species in the Rutaceae. Disease symptoms P. citricarpa causes diverse symptoms such as hard spot, virulent spot, false melanose and freckle spot on fruit, and necrotic lesions on leaves and twigs. Useful websites DOE Joint Genome Institute MycoCosm portals for the Phyllosticta capitalensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycap1), P. citriasiana (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycit1), P. citribraziliensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcit1), P. citrichinaensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcitr1), P. citricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycitr1, https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycpc1), P. paracitricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phy27169) genomes. All available Phyllosticta genomes on MycoCosm can be viewed at https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phyllosticta.

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“…Insoluble micronised powders such as Lunar Yellow or Lumogen have been widely used (Figure 4.10), but require careful mixing with a suitable surfactant before being diluted with water to the correct volume. Using a fluorescent pigment added to various copper sprays, Schutte et al (2012) combined an assessment of coverage with studies of persistence of the copper deposits. A fluoresence spectrophotometer can be used to assess leaf surface deposits (Furness and Newton, 1988) but as specialised equipment was required a visual droplet number rating chart was used to estimate spray coverage on foliage (Furness, et al, 2006).…”

Section: Spray Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spray droplets

2014

Pesticide Application Methods

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Assessment of retention and persistence of copper fungicides on orange fruit and leaves using fluorometry and copper residue analyses

Cited by 30 publications

References 23 publications

First report ofPhyllosticta citricarpaand description of two new species,P. paracapitalensisandP. paracitricarpa, from citrus in Europe

First report ofPhyllosticta citricarpaand description of two new species,P. paracapitalensisandP. paracitricarpa, from citrus in Europe

Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus

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