Assessment of Reaction Parameters in the Oxidative Desulfurization Reaction

Abstract

Nowadays, the scientific community is actively researching the advancement of a sustainable effective desulfurization technique. The development of alternative or supplementary approaches to desulfurization has rapidly progressed in recent years. Among these approaches, the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process stands out as a highly promising method. This can be attributed to its notable selectivity, cost-effectiveness, mild reaction conditions, and overall efficiency. It is essential to consider the role of oxidants, catalysts, and operating conditions in optimizing the ODS process. This review examines a comprehensive understanding of the ODS process and its potential applications in desulfurization. It highlights the importance of oxidants, extractant solvent, and other operating conditions in the ODS process and discusses the different groups of catalysts that can be used. In addition, the review examines five distinct groups of heterogeneous catalysts used in the ODS process: transition metal oxides stabilized, polyoxometalates, ionic liquids, carbon materials, and porous materials. The role of ionic liquids in catalytic and extractive oxidation is also explored. In recent years, alternative or supplementary desulfurization methods have been rapidly developed. The review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. It explores various techniques that can be employed to mitigate the drawbacks associated with each system.

Amphiphilic Catalysts Comprising Phosphomolybdic Acid Fastened on MIL-101(Cr): Enabling Efficient Oxidative Desulfurization under Solvent-Free and Moderate Reaction Conditions

“…Despite the emergence of various alternative and renewable energy sources recently, fossil fuels still maintain an overwhelmingly dominant position in the global energy market. , However, the combustion of fossil fuels can lead to an extensive range of environmental issues. Also, one of the greatest particular attention should be given to the problems arising from the emission of sulfur oxides (SO x ). − Therefore, stringent regulations have been implemented worldwide, with the most rigorous requirements specifically formulated for fuel oils. This might be attributed to the challenging realization of deep desulfurization for exhaust emissions from mobile vehicles .…”

Binuclear Dioxomolybdenum(VI) Complex Based on Bis(2-pyridinecarboxamide) Ligand as Effective Catalyst for Fuel Desulfurization

“…However, this technology requires high pressures and high temperature leading to an increase in energy consumption and cost of the overall process [6,7]. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) can be seen as a potential complementary or alternative technology since it requires milder reaction conditions (<100 • C and atmospheric pressure) and is more efficient in removing aromatic sulfur compounds [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In the ODS process, the sulfur compounds are oxidized to sulfoxides in the presence of oxidants (H 2 O 2 , molecular oxygen, or organic oxidants) and then further oxidized to sulfones.…”

A Nickel-Doped Dehydrobenzoannulene-Based Porous Organic Polymer for the Catalytic Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophenes and Benzothiophenes

“…This work highlights a rare example of using a Ni-doped DBA-POP to remove the C−S bonds from refractory sulfur compounds that are commonly found in heavy gas oil and vacuum gas oil. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]21,22 These investigations are necessary for developing innovative desulfurization catalytic systems that are recyclable and efficient at reducing the sulfur content in chemical fuels.…”

“…As the global population continues to rise, the demand for fossil fuels that contain minimal amounts of sulfur-based impurities has rapidly increased. The removal of sulfur from petroleum feedstocks is crucial for minimizing the accumulation of harmful sulfur oxide byproducts in the atmosphere which could lead to human health issues and environmental degradation. , Specifically, sulfur dioxide is known to cause major respiratory illness and can lead to cardiac and mitochondrial dysfunction. − Furthermore, sulfur oxides can react with water in the atmosphere to form acid rain, which has the potential to destroy many ecosystems. , Due to these health and environmental concerns, strict environmental regulations have placed a limit on the amount of sulfur that can exist in fossil fuels. , Current methods to remove sulfur from petroleum feedstocks include hydrodesulfurization (HDS), − oxidative desulfurization (ODS), − and absorptive desulfurization among others. Many transition metals (e.g., Mo, Ru, Rh, W, etc.)…”

“…The Ni-DBA-TMT-POP exhibited great recyclability up to five cycles and minimal reduction in catalytic efficiency. This work highlights a rare example of using a Ni-doped DBA-POP to remove the C–S bonds from refractory sulfur compounds that are commonly found in heavy gas oil and vacuum gas oil. − ,, These investigations are necessary for developing innovative desulfurization catalytic systems that are recyclable and efficient at reducing the sulfur content in chemical fuels.…”