Assessment of Preservative-Treated Wooden Poles Using Drilling-Resistance Measurements

Abstract

An IML-Resi PD-400 drilling tool with two types of spade drill bits (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) was used to evaluate the internal conditions of 3 m wooden poles made from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Drilling tests were performed on poles that were industrially vacuum-pressure-impregnated with a copper-based preservative (Korasit KS-M) and untreated reference poles. Both types of poles were subject to 10.5 years of in-ground exposure. Wood moisture content (MC) was measured using a resistance-type moisture meter. MC varied between 15% and 60% in the radial and axial directions in both treated and untreated poles. A higher MC was detected in the underground, top, and outer (sapwood) parts of the poles. Typical drilling-resistance (DR) profiles of poles with internal defects were analyzed. Preservative treatment had a significant influence on wood durability in the underground part of the poles. Based on DR measurements, we found that untreated wood that was in contact with soil was severely degraded by insects and wood-destroying fungi. Conversely, treated wood generally showed no reduction in DR or feeding resistance (FR). DR profiling is a potential method for the in-situ or in vitro assessment and quality monitoring of preservative treatments and wood durability. The technological benefits of using drill bits with one major cutting edge, instead of standard drill bits with center-spiked tips and two major cutting edges, were not evident. A new graphical method was applied to present DR data and their spatial distribution in the poles. Future studies should focus on the impact of preservative treatments, thermal modification, and chemical modification on the DR and FR of wood. This may further elucidate the predictive value of DR and FR for wood properties.

Adding Value to Low-value Eucalyptus Wood by Glulam Production: Evaluation and Prediction of Its Properties by Non- Destructive Tool

“…To this end, the data was standardized, simpli ed, and represented as a percentage. This data processing step agrees with previous literature(Oliveira et al 2017;Sharapov et al 2019)…”

“…Therefore, the drilling resistance allowed a satisfactory record of the density pro les and the physical structure of the glulam elements, having potential for evaluation in the quality control of the beams produced and inspections on elements in service, as veri ed for treated wooden poles (Sharapov et al 2019) and for glulam (Teder and Wang 2013).…”

“…To that end, the Resistograph drilling resistance (DR) is investigated in this research. This non-destructive technique is consolidated in the evaluation of the physical properties of wooden poles, standing trees, and structurally important wooden elements (Teder and Wang 2013;Rinn 2016;Nowak et al 2016;Oliveira et al 2017;Sharapov et al 2019). The use of DR can be enhanced by adjusting mathematical models that correlate the density of wood and moisture (Silva 2019).…”

Reliability of non-destructive sonic tomography for detection of defects in oldZelkova serrata(Thunb.) Makino trees

“…In resistance micro-drilling, a long, narrow (approximately 3 mm in diameter) drill bit penetrates the timber, during which the resistance decreases as the drill bit passes through defects (cracks, cavities, and decay). Because of its high accuracy, resistance micro-drilling is widely used in decay detection or structural evaluation of timber (Rinn 1990(Rinn , 2012Ceraldi et al 2001;Lee and Kim 2003;Lin et al 2003;Park et al 2006;Zhang et al 2009;Acuña et al 2011;Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau 2014;Allison and Wang 2015;Frontini 2017;Karlinasari et al 2017;Downes et al 2018;Fundova et al 2018;Sharapov et al 2018Sharapov et al , 2020.…”

Evaluation of white rot decay in phenol-formaldehyde resin treated European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) LVL by drilling resistance measurements

“…One of the main application areas for DR measurements is the detection of internal defects, decay, insect damage, hidden parts or the evaluation of wood properties in timber structures (Kappel and Mattheck 2003;Rinn 2012;Imposa et al 2014;Li et al 2019;Wang et al 2019). Drilling resistance measurements were applied for utility poles inspection (Gezer et al 2015;Reinprecht and Šupina 2015;Sharapov et al 2020a) and assessment of structural conditions of wooden bridges as well as historical and modern constructions and buildings (Imposa et al 2014;Brashaw et al 2015;Nowak et al 2016;Frontini 2017;Branco et al 2017;Ross et al 2018;Verbist et al 2019).…”