Assessment of potential for toxicity of
            <i>Phalaris</i>
            spp. via alkaloid content determination:
            <i>P. coerulescens</i>
            , a case example

Anderton, Neil; Cockrum, Peter A.; Colegate, Steven M.; Edgar, J. A.; Flower, Kirsty

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1565(199905/06)10:3<113::aid-pca438>3.0.co;2-#

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Indole alkaloids (based on tryptamines and β‐carbolines) and phenolic amines (that is, tyramine, N ‐methyltyramine [NMT] and N , N ‐dimethyltyramine [hordenine]: Figure 1) have been routinely detected in P aquatica 6 . Although responsible for the phalaris‐related staggers syndrome, the indole alkaloids do not cause sudden death 7 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that N‐methyltyramine does not cause Phalaris aquatica‐related sudden death in ruminants

Colegate

Culvenor

2006

Aust Veterinary J

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confidence: 99%

Evidence that N‐methyltyramine does not cause Phalaris aquatica‐related sudden death in ruminants

Colegate

Culvenor

2006

Aust Veterinary J

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“…Analysis of the alkaloid gramine was performed using a modification of Anderton et al (1999). Each ground RCG sample (100 mg) was weighed and placed into 15-mL screwcap test tubes.…”

Section: Sample Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Secondary Metabolites in Alfalfa, Birdsfoot Trefoil, Reed Canarygrass, and Tall Fescue Unaffected by Two Different Nitrogen Sources

et al. 2017

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Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) may increase the sustainability of agriculture systems by reducing inputs, as PSM protect plants against herbivores and pathogens, act as pesticides, insecticides, and anthelmintics while also attracting pollinators and seed dispersers. Therefore, it is important to understand what affects PSM fluctuation in plant tissues. Limited research has investigated how different nitrogen (N) sources affect PSM concentration in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., Alf), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L., BFT), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L., RCG), and endophyte‐infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., E+TF). We investigated how fecal manure (feces) and synthetic N fertilizer (urea, 46% H2NCONH2) influence N concentrations and the PSM ergovaline, gramine, saponins, and extractable condensed tannins (CT) in E+TF, RCG, Alf, and BFT, respectively. Ergovaline, saponins, and CT were not affected by fertilization. Gramine tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in control plots than in fertilized plots. Total N in E+TF and RCG was greater (P < 0.05) and tended to be greater for Alf (P = 0.08) in synthetically fertilized plots than in unfertilized plots. Seasonal variation in PSM and N was significant (P < 0.003) across all species and was species specific. Total N in E+TF was greatest in June (41.4 g kg−1), while ergovaline contents were at the lowest values recorded (117.2 μg kg−1), with subsequent increases to the greatest ergovaline values observed in July (680.0 μg kg−1). Our results reveal the variability in PSM production by plants and highlight the complexities of predicting fluctuations of PSM in forages. As environments where plants grow vary through space and time, we recommend studies on a case‐by‐case basis, depending on land management objectives.

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“…Lee et al, 2001), ergovaline (TF; Rottinghaus et al, 1991) and gramine (RCG; Anderton et al, 1999). Although plants were harvested at grazing height, primary and SC were not distributed evenly throughout the plants, which may have influenced the chemical analysis of plant species and animal grazing behavior.…”

Section: Pasture Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemical complementarities among endophyte-infected tall fescue, reed canarygrass, birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa affect cattle foraging

Lyman

Provenza

Villalba

et al. 2012

Animal

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We determined whether plant diversity and sequence of plant ingestion affected foraging when cattle chose from plants that varied in concentrations of alkaloids, tannins and saponins. We hypothesized cattle that ate high-alkaloid grasses (endophyteinfected tall fescue (TF) or reed canarygrass (RCG)) would prefer forages high in tannins (birdsfoot trefoil, BFT1) or saponins (alfalfa, ALF1), because tannins and saponins can bind to alkaloids, presumably reducing their absorption. We further hypothesized that forages with tannins or saponins consumed before, rather than after, foraging on high-alkaloid grasses would promote greater use of those grasses presumably by binding to alkaloids, thereby reducing their absorption. In Phase 1, cattle (n 5 32) grazed on either high (1) or low (2) alkaloid grass (TF or RCG) pastures for 30 min each morning at 0600 h and were then offered a choice of BFT1, BFT2, ALF1 and ALF2 for 60 min each day for 12 days. In Phase 2, cattle (n 5 32) were first offered a choice of BFT1 or ALF1 for 30 min at 0600 h and then placed on grass (TF1 or 2, or RCG1 or 2) pastures for 60 min for 12 days. In both phases, we had four spatial replications of four treatments with 2 per calves assigned to each of the 16 replications per treatment combinations. Scan samples of individuals at 2-min intervals were used to determine incidence of foraging on each plant species (%). Cattle grazed more on RCG than on TF in Phases 1 (62% v. 27%; P 5 0.0015) and 2 (71% v. 32%; P 5 0.0005). In Phase 1, cattle that first foraged on RCG1 or TF2 subsequently preferred ALF over BFT, whereas cattle offered RCG2 or TF1 foraged on ALF and BFT equally. Foraging by cattle on RCG was cyclic during Phase 1, whereas cattle foraging on TF markedly decreased incidence of use of TF from 41% to only 16% by the end of the 12-day trial (P 5 0.0029). Contrary to the cyclic (RCG) or steadily declining (TF) use of grasses in Phase 1, cattle steadily and dramatically increased foraging on both RCG and TF throughout Phase 2, when they first grazed BFT1 or ALF1 followed by high-alkaloid grasses (P 5 0.0159). Our findings suggest that in plant species the sequence of ingestion influenced foraging behavior of cattle and that secondary compounds influenced those responses.

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Assessment of potential for toxicity of Phalaris spp. via alkaloid content determination: P. coerulescens , a case example

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

Evidence that N‐methyltyramine does not cause Phalaris aquatica‐related sudden death in ruminants

Evidence that N‐methyltyramine does not cause Phalaris aquatica‐related sudden death in ruminants

Plant Secondary Metabolites in Alfalfa, Birdsfoot Trefoil, Reed Canarygrass, and Tall Fescue Unaffected by Two Different Nitrogen Sources

Phytochemical complementarities among endophyte-infected tall fescue, reed canarygrass, birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa affect cattle foraging

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