Assessment of Post-COVID Symptoms Using the C19-YRS Tool in a Cohort of Patients from the First Pandemic Wave in Northwestern Spain

García, B.; Balado, Yoana Besteiro; López, Antía Pérez; Lema, Eva Romay; Marchán‐López, Álvaro; Álvarez, Ana Rodríguez; País, María José García; Sánchez, Juan Corredoira; Rey, Ramón Rabuñal

doi:10.1089/tmj.2022.0085

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Our subgroup analysis implies that clinicians should pay particular attention to these susceptible and vulnerable groups early on at the time of making a diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, such that a follow-up Long COVID assessment can be conducted to facilitate appropriate triage. The C19-YRS was found to be easy and simple to use even for people without previous training [3], and our experience echoes such an observation. It is suggested that C19-YRS can be used as a Long COVID screening tool during follow-up in Hong Kong as well.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Female participants in our study were more severely affected with respect to social roles than male participants. A previous study found that females had more Long COVID symptoms, such as new-onset pain, airway complaints, concentration, and short-term memory impairment, than males [3]. Other studies indicated that the female gender was linked to a higher risk of developing Long COVID [20,33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These symptoms can persist, fluctuate, or relapse following the initial COVID-19 episode, or can newly appear after the resolution of acute COVID-19 [2]. For affected patients, these prolonged symptoms are also associated with functional impairments and possible frequent healthcare utilization [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence, Patterns, and Clinical Severity of Long COVID among Chinese Medicine Telemedicine Service Users: Preliminary Results from a Cross-Sectional Study

Kwong

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Introduction: The emergence and persistence of symptoms after acute COVID-19 is expected to become a major burden on healthcare systems. We assessed the features of the post-COVID-19 Syndrome (Long COVID) burden in a cohort of COVID-19 patients during the fifth major wave in Hong Kong. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 135 patients with confirmed COVID-19 from Feb to Apr 2022 who utilized traditional Chinese medicine telemedicine services was conducted. The COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale was administered using an online survey 12 weeks after the COVID-19 infection. Prevalence of symptom severity and functional impairments were assessed to identify burdens and patterns. The correlation between symptom severity, functional impairments, patient characteristics, and overall health was evaluated. Results: The mean age was 46.8 years, with 46 (34.1%) males. Symptoms, functional impairments, and overall health worsened significantly when compared to the status prior to the infection. More than 50% reported the following sequelae 12 weeks after the acute infection: breathlessness, laryngeal or airway complications, fatigue, weakness, sleep, cognition, and anxiety. The presence of a single symptom or functional impairment significantly correlated with at least seven other problems positively, except for pain. Severity tended to be higher among vulnerable groups, including those who were chronic disease patients, older, less well educated, female, or had incomplete COVID-19 vaccinations. Conclusions: Long COVID is a significant healthcare burden among telemedicine users in Hong Kong, with complex needs for symptom and functional impairment management. Designing relevant health and rehabilitation services tailored to the needs of these patients is warranted.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Prevalence, Patterns, and Clinical Severity of Long COVID among Chinese Medicine Telemedicine Service Users: Preliminary Results from a Cross-Sectional Study

Kwong

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…The COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRS) is a condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure designed to capture the symptoms of LC, as well as assess severity and monitor the persistence of symptoms to inform and guide the rehabilitation of affected patients 7–10. Since the initial validation of the instrument,7 11 it has been widely used in a variety of LC contexts including symptom evaluation in primary care and community settings,12–14 determining the need for LC rehabilitation interventions,8 9 15 as well as epidemiological assessments of post-COVID symptoms 16 17…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric analysis of the modified COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRSm) in a prospective multicentre study

Smith,

Greenwood,

Horton

et al. 2024

BMJ Open Resp Res

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BackgroundLong COVID (LC) is a novel multisystem clinical syndrome affecting millions of individuals worldwide. The modified COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRSm) is a condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure designed for assessment and monitoring of people with LC.ObjectivesTo evaluate the psychometric properties of the C19-YRSm in a prospective sample of people with LC.Methods1314 patients attending 10 UK specialist LC clinics completed C19-YRSm and EuroQol 5D-5L (EQ-5D-5L) longitudinally. Scale characteristics were derived for C19-YRSm subscales (Symptom Severity (SS), Functional Disability (FD) and Overall Health (OH)) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha). Convergent validity was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)—Fatigue Scale. Known groups validity was assessed for the Other Symptoms subscale as tertiles, as well as by hospitalisation and intensive care admission. Responsiveness and test–retest reliability was evaluated for C19-YRSm subscales and EQ-5D-5L. The minimal important difference (MID) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) were estimated. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to determine the instrument’s two-factor structure.ResultsC19-YRSm demonstrated good scale characteristic properties. Item-total correlations were between 0.37 and 0.65 (for SS and FD), with good internal reliability (Cronbach’s alphas>0.8). Item correlations between subscales ranged between 0.46 and 0.72. Convergent validity with FACIT was good (−0.46 to −0.62). The three subscales discriminated between different levels of symptom burden (p<0.001) and between patients admitted to hospital and intensive care. There was moderate responsiveness for the three subscales ranging from 0.22 (OH) to 0.50 (SS) which was greater than for the EQ-5D-5L. Test–retest reliability was good for both SS 0.86 and FD 0.78. MID was 2 for SS, 2 for FD and 1 for OH; MCID was 4 for both the SS and FD. The factor analysis supported the two-factor SS and FD structure.ConclusionsThe C19-YRSm is a condition-specific, reliable, valid and responsive patient-reported outcome measure for LC.

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“…The COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRS) is a condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure designed to capture the symptoms of LC, as well as assess severity and monitor the persistence of symptoms to inform and guide the rehabilitation of affected patients [7][8][9][10] . Since the initial validation of the instrument 7,11 , it has been widely used in a variety of LC contexts including symptom evaluation in primary care and community settings [12][13][14] , determining the need for LC rehabilitation interventions 8,9,15 , as well as epidemiological assessments of post-COVID symptoms 16,17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric analysis of the modified Covid-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRSm) in a prospective multicentre study

Smith,

Greenwood,

Horton

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BckgroundLong COVID is a novel multisystem clinical syndrome affecting millions of individuals worldwide. The modified COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRSm) is a condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure designed for assessment and monitoring of people with Long COVID (LC).ObjectivesTo evaluate the psychometric properties of the C19-YRSm in a prospective sample of people with Long COVID.Methods1314 patients attending UK specialist Long COVID clinics completed C19-YRSm and EQ-5D-5L longitudinally. Scale characteristics were derived for C19-YRSm subscales (Symptom Severity, SS; Functional Disability, FD; and Overall Health, OH) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha). Convergent validity was assessed using the FACIT-Fatigue scale. Known groups validity was assessed for the Other Symptoms (OS) subscale as tertiles, hospitalisation and intensive care admission. Responsiveness and test-retest reliability was evaluated for C19-YRSm subscales and EQ-5D-5L. The minimal important difference (MID) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) were estimated. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to determine the instrument’s two-factor structure.ResultsC19-YRSm demonstrated good scale characteristic properties. Item-total correlations were between 0.37 to 0.65 (for SS and FD), with good internal reliability (Cronbach’s alphas >0.8). Item correlations between subscales ranged between 0.46 to 0.72. Convergent validity with FACIT was good (−0.46 to −0.62). The three subscales discriminated between different levels of symptom burden (p<0.001), and between patients admitted to hospital and intensive care. There was moderate responsiveness for the three subscales ranging from 0.22 (OH) to 0.50 (SS) and was greater than the EQ-5D-5L. Test-retest reliability was good for both SS 0.86 and FD 0.78. MID was 2 for SS, 2 for FD, and 1 for OH; MCID was 4 for both the SS and FD. The factor analysis supported the two-factor SS and FD structure.ConclusionsThe C19-YRSm is a condition-specific, reliable, valid, and responsive patient-reported outcome measure for Long COVID.Key messagesWhat is already known on this topicLong Covid or Post-COVID-19 syndrome is a multisystem, fluctuating condition. C19-YRSm is literature’s first condition-specific patient reported outcome measure which needed validation in a large population sample.What this study addsC19-YRSm is a valid, reliable, responsive and easy to administer measure which is able to show clinically meaningful change in the status of the condition in people living with Long Covid.How this study might affect research, practice or policyC19-YRSm can be used in clinical and research settings to reliably capture the condition trajectory and the effect of interventions and also help inform clinical policy.

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Assessment of Post-COVID Symptoms Using the C19-YRS Tool in a Cohort of Patients from the First Pandemic Wave in Northwestern Spain

Cited by 10 publications

References 17 publications

Prevalence, Patterns, and Clinical Severity of Long COVID among Chinese Medicine Telemedicine Service Users: Preliminary Results from a Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence, Patterns, and Clinical Severity of Long COVID among Chinese Medicine Telemedicine Service Users: Preliminary Results from a Cross-Sectional Study

Psychometric analysis of the modified COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRSm) in a prospective multicentre study

Psychometric analysis of the modified Covid-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRSm) in a prospective multicentre study

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