Assessment of pit latrines in a peri-urban community in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) as a source of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains

Beukes, Lorika S.; King, Tracy; Schmidt, Štefan

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.002

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…At each visit, stools sample or endorectal swabs were collected. We recorded using standardized questionnaires orally administered to the mothers factors potentially associated with the risk of ESBL-PE acquisition, including habitat type, number of rooms, number of household members, parity, diet and hygiene habits, contact with animals, animal ownership, animal husbandry, hospitalization and consumption of antibiotics in the previous days, latrines [ 12 , 25 – 28 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in neonates: A community based cohort in Madagascar

et al. 2018

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In low and middle income countries (LMICs), where the burden of neonatal sepsis is the highest, the spread of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) in the community, potentially contributing to the neonatal mortality, is a public health concern. Data regarding the acquisition of ESBL-PE during the neonatal period are scarce. The routes of transmission are not well defined and particularly the possible key role played by pregnant women. This study aimed to understand the neonatal acquisition of ESBL-PE in the community in Madagascar. The study was conducted in urban and semi-rural areas. Newborns were included at birth and followed-up during their first month of life. Maternal stool samples at delivery and six stool samples in each infant were collected to screen for ESBL-PE. A Cox proportional hazards model was performed to identify factors associated with the first ESBL-PE acquisition. The incidence rate of ESBL-PE acquisition was 10.4 cases/1000 newborn-days [95% CI: 8.0–13.4 cases per 1000 newborn-days]. Of the 83 ESBL-PE isolates identified, Escherichia coli was the most frequent species (n = 28, 34.1%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 20, 24.4%). Cox multivariate analysis showed that independent risk factors for ESBL-PE acquisition were low birth weight (adjusted Hazard-ratio (aHR) = 2.7, 95% CI [1.2; 5.9]), cesarean-section, (aHR = 3.4, 95% CI [1.7; 7.1]) and maternal use of antibiotics at delivery (aHR = 2.2, 95% CI [1.1; 4.5]). Our results confirm that mothers play a significant role in the neonatal acquisition of ESBL-PE. In LMICs, public health interventions during pregnancy should be reinforced to avoid unnecessary caesarean section, unnecessary antibiotic use at delivery and low birth weight newborns.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in neonates: A community based cohort in Madagascar

et al. 2018

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“…An average E. coli count of 5.29 log 10 MPN/g was reported for ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) fecal sludge in the location of the current study (Beukes et al 2017), while fecal sludge from pit latrines and urine-diverting dry toilets in Malawi contained E. coli counts of up to 3.61 and 3.74 log 10 CFU/g (Kumwenda et al 2017). E. coli counts obtained for the soil area where open defecation occurred were thus lower than counts of log 10 4.38-8.60 MPN/g reported for fresh human feces in Sierra Leone (Wright 1982).…”

Section: Sample Description Target Microorganism a A A A A A A Amentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Given an average E. coli concentration of log 10 5.29 MPN/g previously reported for pit latrine fecal sludge in KwaMashu (Beukes et al 2017), assuming that workers accidentally splashed 10 g pit latrine fecal sludge evenly over an area of 1 m 2 during pit emptying, and further considering a soil layer of 5 cm matching the typical geophagia sampling depth along with a consumption of approximately 1 g of this soil by household members, a possible risk of intake can be gaged. Possible counts for E. coli in soil samples in the current study after ≥50 days exposure of the soil to pit latrine fecal sludge would be less than 1 E. coli per g when using the decay/die-off rate of 4.0-5.0 log 10 CFU/g per 50 days employed by Brooks et al (2012) for E. coli O157:H7.…”

Section: Sample Description Target Microorganism a A A A A A A Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Manual emptying of ventilated improved pit latrines and hygiene challenges - a baseline survey in a peri-urban community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Beukes

Schmidt

2020

International Journal of Environmental Health Research

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The presence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. was determined on the skin, personal protective equipment, the municipal vehicle, and various surfaces at ten households in a peri-urban community (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) before and after manual emptying of ventilated improved pit latrines. Surface samples (n = 14) were collected using sterile wet wipes, and target bacteria were detected using standard procedures. Additionally, E. coli was enumerated in soil samples from an area of open defecation (log 10 3.7 MPN/g) and areas where geophagia occurred (log 10 2.7-log 10 3.3 MPN/g), using a most probable number (MPN) method. The detection frequency for the target bacteria on household surfaces (e.g., the walkway between the pit latrine and the municipal vehicle) and on municipal workers' hands (which were frequently contaminated before pit emptying), occasionally increased after the pits were emptied, indicating that manual pit emptying might pose a potential health risk to workers and community members.

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“…They point out that this simple intervention will have a global impact on the prevention of mosquito bites and the spread of diseases. Beukes et al (2017) verified existence of MDR Escherichia coli in pit latrines. They argued the presence of MDR E. coli strains in pit latrine samples demonstrated that pit latrines were potential sources for MDR bacteria.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 88%

Rural Residents’ Satisfaction of Household Latrine and its Influencing Indicators: Evidence from Sichuan, China

Chen

et al. 2018

IJGE

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We conducted a second survey of household latrine based on the first survey study findings of rural facilities that toilet is the most significant influencing factor affecting farmers' satisfaction. The popularity proportion of rural sanitary latrines in China has been low, and the health of rural residents and the environmental sanitation in rural areas have not been effectively guaranteed. Factor analysis and logistic regression models are used to study the current situation of rural household latrines, rural residents' satisfaction and its influencing indicators of Sichuan. This research led to three key findings: 1) the present situation of rural household latrine construction in Sichuan is not ideal; 2) rural residents are relatively satisfied with rural household latrines; 3) rural residents' satisfaction is affected mainly by basic situation of latrines, village committee performance, recovery time, whether the latrine construction is worthy, transparency of village affairs, sources and subsidies of funds, construction participants and construction methods. Results of this study lay a foundation for further research about rural household latrines, and provide a theoretical basis for the construction and reform of rural household latrines in Sichuan.

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Assessment of pit latrines in a peri-urban community in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) as a source of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains

Cited by 24 publications

References 40 publications

Acquisition of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in neonates: A community based cohort in Madagascar

Acquisition of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in neonates: A community based cohort in Madagascar

Manual emptying of ventilated improved pit latrines and hygiene challenges - a baseline survey in a peri-urban community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Rural Residents’ Satisfaction of Household Latrine and its Influencing Indicators: Evidence from Sichuan, China

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