“…Nonetheless, some studies have reported that mangrove forests in various parts of the world have degraded because of increased urbanization, which has resulted in increased anthropogenic activity in mangrove areas (Buajan and Pumijumnong, 2010; Defew, Mair, and Guzman, 2005). Many studies have been conducted on the physical-chemical properties of sediments and water quality in the mangrove environment, such as pH, salinity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorus (TP) (Arumugam and Kumar, 2014; Arumugam and Gomathinayagam, 2015; Dattatreya et al ., 2018; Kurlapkar and Shaikh, 2014; Saseeswari, Kanimozhi, and Paneerselvam, 2015; Thirumurugan and Vijayakumar, 2016).…”