Assessment of Patient Exposure to X-Radiation from SPECT/CT Scanners

Abstract

In the operation of any SPECT/CT system, in addition to internal radiation exposure (g-ray) resulting from administration of radiopharmaceuticals, external radiation exposure (x-ray) from the CT device has to be taken into consideration in the light of recommendations from the International Commission on Radiological Protection. These recommendations include justification of practices (the use of radiation produces sufficient benefit to offset any risks caused by the use of radiation), optimization (the incurred exposure by the use of radiation should be kept as low as reasonably achievable), and dose limitation. The internal radiation exposures of each organ after administration of radiopharmaceuticals are calculated by the MIRD Committee method. For example, the internal radiation exposure index for brain perfusion scintigraphy is 0.8 mGy/37 MBq for N-isopropyl-4-iodoamphetamine( 123 I) hydrochloride or 0.19 mGy/37 MBq for ethyl cysteinate dimer. On the other hand, the external radiation exposure from a CT device is calculated using the CT dose index volume (CTDIvol)-a measured and calculated value unique to the CT scanner and scan parameters used-and a dose-length product, which is obtained from CT conditions and generally used as a reference value for CT radiation exposure. However, CTDIvol and dose-length product are calculated values unique to each device, not the value of external radiation exposures of each organ. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to measure the total (internal plus external) radiation exposure dose from CT. In the present study, using an anthropomorphic phantom for deep-body total absorbed dose measurement, we evaluated the radiation exposure doses (organ-absorbed doses) of each organ under various CT conditions. Methods: The radiation exposure doses of each organ were measured by inserting thermoluminescent dosimeter elements into the phantom under various CT conditions. Results: The following were brain radiation exposure doses in the head region. For 90 kVp and 25 mAs, 1.39 mGy (CTDIvol, 1.8 mGy), for 90 kVp and 300 mAs, 17.00 mGy (CTDIvol, 21.2 mGy), for 120 kVp and 25 mAs, 3.21 mGy (CTDIvol, 3.8 mGy), for 120 kVp and 300 mAs, 37.79 mGy (CTDIvol, 47.7 mGy), for 140 kVp and 25 mAs, 5.08 mGy (CTDIvol, 5.5 mGy), and for 140 kVp and 300 mAs, 65.07 mGy (CTDIvol, 65.6 mGy). The eye radiation exposure doses were as follows. For 90 kVp and 25 mAs, 1.94 mGy (CTDIvol, 1.8 mGy), for 90 kVp and 300 mAs, 20.31 mGy (CTDIvol,21.2 mGy), for 120 kVp and 25 mAs, 3.71 mGy (CTDIvol, 3.8 mGy), for 120 kVp and 300 mAs, 49.72 mGy (CTDIvol, 47.7 mGy), for 140 kVp and 25 mAs, 5.44 mGy (CTDIvol, 5.5 mGy), and for 140 kVp and 300 mAs, 69.76 mGy (CTDIvol, 65.6 mGy). In addition, the radiation exposure doses of the cervical, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions were measured in detail. Conclusion: Our estimated external radiation exposure doses (x-ray) of each organ under various CT conditions, along with the internal radiation exposure doses (g-ray) resulting from the administration of radiopharmac...

Strahlenhygienische Aspekte der neuronuklearmedizi­nischen Untersuchungen an Hybridgeräten

“…Der Beitrag der Strahlenexposition durch die CT-Komponente zu der Gesamtexposition einer Neuro-SPECT/CT-Untersuchung kann in Abhängigkeit der Akquisitionsparameter (kVp, mAs) stark variieren [ 8 ] .…”

Effective Dose and Effective Risk from Post–Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging of the Lumbar Spine

“…The early use of CT in combination with SPECT was aimed at attenuation correction and consisted of a CT component with fixed acquisition parameters. These scanner types are frequently referred to as low dose, with an effective dose 80%-85% lower than diagnostic quality CT scans [11][12][13][14]. Diagnostic CT (DCT) can be used to aid diagnosis rather than correcting the emission data alone [15] and can also provide localization data [16].…”

“…The additional dose from the CT component of SPECT-CT has been investigated [11][12][13][14]. Larkin et al [13], Sharma et al [11], and Montes et al [14] use the dose length product and conversion (k) factors to calculate effective dose.…”

“…Larkin et al [13], Sharma et al [11], and Montes et al [14] use the dose length product and conversion (k) factors to calculate effective dose. Hara et al [12] measured organ dose with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD); however, only organs within the primary beam were measured. The article does not recreate the clinical situation where organs outside the primary beam would be subject to scatter radiation.…”

Évaluation de l’irradiation additionnelle des patients de médecine nucléaire en imagerie hybride TEMP/TDM

“…1 L'acquisition de la technologie TEP est programmée dans la foulée pour 2013. L'imagerie hybride TEMP/TDM et TEP/ TDM va se généraliser rapidement et devenir un examen de routine, c'est pourquoi la sensibilisation des médecins et des techniciens à la notion de dosimétrie additionnelle est une priorité au même titre que la notion de contrôle qualité de ces nouveaux équipements ou la notion d'assurance qualité en imagerie moléculaire multimodale, étant donné qu'avec ces appareils hybrides l'irradiation du patient n'est plus seulement liée aux produits radiopharmaceutiques administrés, mais aussi à la composante scanographique [1][2][3][4].…”