Assessment of oxidative stress and activities of antioxidant enzymes depicts the negative systemic effect of iron-containing fertilizers and plant phenolic compounds in the desert locust

Abstract

For herbivore insects, digesting can be somewhat challenging, as the defense mechanisms evolved by plants, including the release of phenolics like the non-protein amino acid L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), can cause fitness costs. In addition, industrial and agricultural activities have elevated the amounts of iron that can be found in nature and more particularly FeSO that is used as fertilizer. Traces of iron can enhance the auto-oxidation of L-DOPA, in turn, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently oxidative stress in insects. We examined the effects of the ion Fe (as FeSO) and L-DOPA on fifth instars of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. We measured the level of oxidative damage occurring to macromolecules (proteins and lipids) from midgut and thoracic tissues and assessed the activities of responsive antioxidant enzymes. Injected L-DOPA and redox-active metal iron generated ROS which caused oxidative damages to proteins and lipids to S. gregaria. The protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides present in tissue homogenates were elevated in treated insects. No synergism was observed when L-DOPA was co-injected with Fe. K values of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were 4.3, 2.6, and 4.0 mM in thoracic muscles and 5.00, 2.43, and 1.66 mM in whole midgut for SOD, GR, and GPx, respectively, and 8.3 and 3.43 M for catalase (CAT) in the two tissues, respectively. These results suggest higher affinities of GPx and CAT to HO in midgut than in muscles. The time-course changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes and amounts of protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides showed fluctuating patterns, suggesting complex interactions among macromolecules, L-DOPA and FeSO, and their degradation products. Our results demonstrated the stressful effects of L-DOPA and FeSO, proving that iron-containing fertilizers are pollutants that can strongly affect S. gregaria.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles SBA-15 loaded with emodin upregulate the antioxidative defense of Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) larvae

“…Indeed, EO exposure (at concentrations of 1-25 µg/mL in the peripheral blood leukocytes of fish larvae) was capable of inducing increased ROS generation, while EO at low concentrations increased the levels of Cu-Zn SOD and CAT mRNAs (Zhao et al, 2017). Increased SOD activity is consistent with previous works in which elevated activities of SOD and CAT in phytophagous insects ingesting prooxidant-rich food have been reported (Krishnan and Kodrík, 2006;Perić-Mataruga et al, 2014;Renault et al, 2016). Also, in larvae of Megalobrama amblycephala, EO treatment caused an increase in liver SOD activities that could enhance the antioxidative capacity and resistance to stress (Liu W et al, 2012).…”

“…The aim of this study was to examine the effects of EO and mesoporous nanosilica carrier SBA-15 loaded with EO on the antioxidative defenses, specifically superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR), in E. chrysorrhoea larvae. Lepidopteran larvae rely on these antioxidative enzymes and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), as well as on nonenzymatic cellular antioxidants, glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid, and others to counteract the free-radical cascade of oxygen (Perić-Mataruga et al, 1997Krishnan and Kodrík, 2006;Jena et al, 2013;Mirčić et al, 2013;Mrdaković et al, 2015;Renault et al, 2016). The superoxide radicals generated under oxidative stress are rapidly dismutated to hydrogen peroxide by SOD.…”

Effect of vitamin B12 on the oxidative stress of Sitophilus oryzae under different time course

“…These abnormal variations need organisms' adaptation. The living organism's responses can be vital as it can allow the studying of specific defense mechanisms against various and different stress factors (Abdelfattah and Dorrah, 2015;Abdelfattah, 2016;Renault et al, 2016;Abdelfattah et al, 2017;Yousef et al, 2017 andAbdelfattah, 2020 and2021;Nassar et al, 2020;Abdelfattah and Lim, 2021;Abdelfattah and Renault, 2021;Abdelfattah et al, 2021 a, b and c). Oxidative stress can be occurred as a result of overproduction of ROS and depletion the antioxidants system.…”

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“…Environmental pollution sources including waste accumulation, industrial and agricultural activities have a direct effect on the amounts of cupper elevation than normal levels. Excess of copper ions (Cu 2+ ) can cause toxicity to various tissues [10], enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently cause oxidative stress in living organisms, such as insects [5,[11][12][13][14]. Yet, Cu2+ are crucial for cellular biochemistry and physiology, as it is used as a cofactor of various enzymes, and factors of cellular processes such as oxidative stress defense, ion homeostasis, cellular respiration, neural transmission, tissue maturation, or iron metabolism [15,16].…”

“…The deficiency of Cu2+ deficiency leads to the loss of the functions of several enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), cytochrome -c-oxidase, lysyl oxidase, and dopamine-bhydroxylase [17]. The main function mechanism of Cu 2+ in living organisms is linked with its redox chemistry [3,5,18].…”