Assessment of oxidative damage induced by iron oxide nanoparticles on different nervous system cells

The role of reactive oxygen species in tumor treatment

“…Most cells can buffer a certain amount of ROS through the reduction mechanism of the glutathione (GSH) redox system, but the long-term ROS in high level can cause cell damage. 27 External factors such as radiation, air pollution and chemotherapeutic drugs can stimulate mitochondria to produce excessive ROS, induce the mitochondrial outer membrane pores to open, release calcium ions, and cytochrome C, and thus cause apoptosis. Using this mechanism to overcome the hepatocellular carcinoma multidrug resistance (MDR), Y. Liu et al designed a mitochondrion targeting nanoparticle system (GNPs-P-Dox-GA), where doxorubicin (DOX) could accumulate in mitochondria by targeting mitochondria with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), so as to generate a large amount of ROS and cause apoptosis (Fig.…”

Engineered Nanomaterials: The Challenges and Opportunities for Nanomedicines

“…These by-products can be susceptible to causing a series of catastrophic occurrences in the body. Superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide [ 31 , 78 , 85 ] Inflammation A major process where the body repairs damaged tissue and protect its organs from outside invaders. Acute inflammation is a typical response to an incoming threat to eradicates foreign bodies, damaged tissue, and stopping additional injury Macrophages present in the tissue acts as the tissue’s primary immune response, releasing numerous cytokines and immune factors.…”

“…Adsorption of ENMs on cell membranes may lead to blocking cellular ducts, causing changes to membrane structures, or inhibiting metabolism or ion intake causing cell death [ 93 , 122 ] Genotoxicity Describes the damage of the genetic information within a cell as a result of oxidation of critical cell biomolecules lead to chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations, apoptosis and carcinogenesis Alterations of redox equilibrium in the cell among produced reactive oxygen species and antioxidant leading to DNA damage. [ 71 , 84 , 85 , 191 , 192 ] …”

“…The common cytotoxicity mechanisms of ENMs include inflammation, autophagy dysfunction, oxidative stress, cell membrane damage, immune system response, genotoxicity, alteration in cell structural or cell organelle morphology, cell cycle arrest, etc. 25,[70][71][72]75,76,82,[84][85][86]87 The common effects and their mechanisms are further described in Table 3.…”

“…108 Despite the common practice in assuming biodegradable nanomaterials as non-toxic, one needs to take note that not all biodegradable nanomaterials are deemed safe, specifically for nanomedicine applications. Despite biodegradability properties, some [ 71,84,85,191,192] submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com…”