“…The concentrations of TBT in the sediment samples from Stations 1–6 ranged from 3.1–24 μg kg −1 , which was similar to the ranges reported elsewhere. Namely, the concentrations of TBT in sediment were <1–22 μg kg −1 dw in the coastal areas of Panama (Batista-Andrade et al ., 2018); 13–144 μg kg −1 dw in Pescadoes Beach, Brazil (de Oliveira et al ., 2010); 3.0–40, 2.0–41 and 3.1–27 μg kg −1 dw in Busan Bay, Ulsan Bay, and the Korean coast, respectively (Lee et al ., 2015); 1.6–3.4 and 0.267–3.3 μg kg −1 dw in the Futian mangrove wetlands and Shenzhen Bay, China, respectively (Deng et al ., 2015); 12.6–191.7 μg kg −1 dw in the semi-closed port of Gdynia (Radke et al ., 2012); 2.3–81.8 μg kg −1 dw in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic (Anastasiou et al ., 2016); and <0.25–1.16 μg kg −1 dw in rivers, lakes and coastal waters in France (Cavalheiro et al ., 2016). Fig.…”
Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) concentrations in water samples from Tanabe Bay were found to range from 4–28 ng l−1 and 3–7 ng l−1, respectively. In fishing ports, the concentrations of TBT in surface water were similar to those in bottom water. However, in aquafarming areas with poor flushing, the concentrations of TBT in bottom water were higher than those in surface water. This suggested that the TBT in water samples is re-eluted from sediment. No difference in the concentration of TPT was observed between the surface and bottom waters. The concentrations of TBT and TPT in sediment samples ranged from 3–23 μg kg−1 dry weight and 2–37 μg kg−1 dry weight. TBT and TPT concentrations ranged from 3.1–100 μg kg−1 and 3.1–7.2 μg kg−1 in oysters and gastropods, and from 1.1–4.9 μg kg−1 and ＜0.2–3.9 μg kg−1 in fish, respectively. Organotin concentrations in biota were lower than the tolerable average residue levels (TARLs). Alternative biocides – i.e. diuron, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, irgarol 1051 and Sea-Nine 211 – were also detected in surface water, and chlorothalonil and irgarol 1051 were detected in sediment. The concentrations of these compounds in surface water and sediment were lower than those reported previously. Dichlofluanid, chlorotharonil and irgarol 1051 were also found at low levels in oysters and gastropods, and at ranges of 325–339 μg kg−1, 268–291 μg kg−1 and 43–49 μg kg−1, respectively, in fish; the concentrations in fish were close to the TARL levels.
“…The concentrations of TBT in the sediment samples from Stations 1–6 ranged from 3.1–24 μg kg −1 , which was similar to the ranges reported elsewhere. Namely, the concentrations of TBT in sediment were <1–22 μg kg −1 dw in the coastal areas of Panama (Batista-Andrade et al ., 2018); 13–144 μg kg −1 dw in Pescadoes Beach, Brazil (de Oliveira et al ., 2010); 3.0–40, 2.0–41 and 3.1–27 μg kg −1 dw in Busan Bay, Ulsan Bay, and the Korean coast, respectively (Lee et al ., 2015); 1.6–3.4 and 0.267–3.3 μg kg −1 dw in the Futian mangrove wetlands and Shenzhen Bay, China, respectively (Deng et al ., 2015); 12.6–191.7 μg kg −1 dw in the semi-closed port of Gdynia (Radke et al ., 2012); 2.3–81.8 μg kg −1 dw in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic (Anastasiou et al ., 2016); and <0.25–1.16 μg kg −1 dw in rivers, lakes and coastal waters in France (Cavalheiro et al ., 2016). Fig.…”
Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) concentrations in water samples from Tanabe Bay were found to range from 4–28 ng l−1 and 3–7 ng l−1, respectively. In fishing ports, the concentrations of TBT in surface water were similar to those in bottom water. However, in aquafarming areas with poor flushing, the concentrations of TBT in bottom water were higher than those in surface water. This suggested that the TBT in water samples is re-eluted from sediment. No difference in the concentration of TPT was observed between the surface and bottom waters. The concentrations of TBT and TPT in sediment samples ranged from 3–23 μg kg−1 dry weight and 2–37 μg kg−1 dry weight. TBT and TPT concentrations ranged from 3.1–100 μg kg−1 and 3.1–7.2 μg kg−1 in oysters and gastropods, and from 1.1–4.9 μg kg−1 and ＜0.2–3.9 μg kg−1 in fish, respectively. Organotin concentrations in biota were lower than the tolerable average residue levels (TARLs). Alternative biocides – i.e. diuron, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, irgarol 1051 and Sea-Nine 211 – were also detected in surface water, and chlorothalonil and irgarol 1051 were detected in sediment. The concentrations of these compounds in surface water and sediment were lower than those reported previously. Dichlofluanid, chlorotharonil and irgarol 1051 were also found at low levels in oysters and gastropods, and at ranges of 325–339 μg kg−1, 268–291 μg kg−1 and 43–49 μg kg−1, respectively, in fish; the concentrations in fish were close to the TARL levels.
“…OTCs have been widely used in antifouling paints, pesticides, wood preservatives, and PVC plastics as stabilizers [75]. Due to their extensive use, OTCs were released to aquatic and several other environmental media [76]. OTCs are harmful chemicals with neurotoxic and endocrine disrupting properties [77].…”
Sample preparation is one of the crucial steps in the analytical chemistry including human biomonitoring studies. Although there are several traditional approaches available, solid‐phase microextraction is emerged as one of the pioneering techniques due to its simplicity, rapidness, wide applicability, and miniaturization of traditional sample preparation (e.g., use of less or no organic solvents). There are few earlier review articles available on the advancements in solid‐phase microextraction and its use for the measurement of environmental chemicals in various types of environmental samples. However, a collective information on applicability and current usage of solid‐phase microextraction for the human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals are scarce, nonetheless, rising demands on innovative analytical approaches for human biomonitoring studies. Hence, in this review article, we covered the application of solid‐phase microextraction as extraction/purification methods for more than 15 classes of environmental chemicals to assess their respective exposure levels and associated health outcomes in various human population reported across the globe. Further, a detailed discussion on various types of matrix used, nature of coupled analytical instrumentations, and limitations and future perspectives of solid‐phase microextraction for human biomonitoring studies is presented in this review.
“…The concentration of Irgarol 1051 in sediments has also been recorded internationally. The ranges of concentration of Irgarol 1051 for southern England [67], French Mediterranean coast [68], Californian marinas [69], as well as Busan and Ulsan Bay in Korea [65] were from <1.7 to 45, 43 to 689, <0.3 to 8.9, 1.79 to 73.5, and <0.02 to 38.8 µg/kg, respectively. The high concentration of Irgarol 1051 in the French Mediterranean coast was due to ship chandlers and this value is comparable to the values in other location, for example, Orwell Estuary, United Kingdom [70] which had the values of <10 to 1011 µg/kg.…”
Section: Distribution Of Booster Biocides In Sedimentsmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…The study reported the concentration of diuron in the range of 2.3 to 62.3 µg/kg in shipping and shipbuilding areas in South Korea [64] (Table A2). Another study showed that in Busan and Ulsan Bay, South Korea, the concentrations of diuron were from 6.89 to 29.9 and 15.3 to 39.2 µg/kg, respectively [65], whereas, the Korean Special Management Sea Areas also reported high values of diuron concentration (i.e., <0.06 to 144 µg/kg) [48]. The study conducted in Indonesian coastal areas reported diuron concentration between 0.04 and 740 µg/kg and this concentration was the highest compared to other studies conducted in Asian coastal areas.…”
Section: Distribution Of Booster Biocides In Sedimentsmentioning
Antifouling compounds are widely used in paints applied on ship hulls to prevent attachment of fouling organisms. However, a certain amount of these chemicals could leach from the painted surface, enter seawater, and pose deleterious effects on various marine biotas. The present study aimed to determine the concentration of organotin (OT) compounds and booster biocides in sediments collected from the seagrass area of Sungai Pulai estuary, Malaysia. The sediment samples were collected from three points on the seagrass bed, brought back to the laboratory, extracted using standard extraction procedure, and the analytes were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The results showed that tributyltin (TBT) concentrations in sediments were within the range of 8.1 ± 0.4 to 10.6 ± 0.5 µg/kg, whereas the values of triphenyltin (TPT) were between 17.1 ± 0.9 and 19.4 ± 1.0 µg/kg. The range of concentration of booster biocides, namely diuron, dichlofluanid chlorothalonil, Irgarol 1051, M1, and Sea-Nine 211, were from <0.1 to 22.9 ± 1.1, 48.7 ± 2.4 to 800 ± 40, <0.1 to 6.2 ± 0.3, <0.1 to 1.4 ± 0.1, 44 ± 2.2 to 877 ± 44, and 9.1 ± 0.5 to 170 ± 8.5 µg/kg, respectively. The concentration of organotin was much lower than the previous study conducted in southern Johor. Meanwhile, the increased concentration of booster biocides proves the use of these compounds as antifouling paints in shipping systems nowadays.
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