Assessment of neurotransmitter release in human iPSC-derived neuronal/glial cells: a missing in vitro assay for regulatory developmental neurotoxicity testing

Human pluripotent stem cells as a translational toolkit in psychedelic research in vitro

“…Improved protocols make it feasible to generate excitatory neurons from PSC that release glutamate in a Ca 2+ -dependent vesicular manner and express voltage-gated channels with membrane capacitances, resistances, and potentials similar to those observed in native neurons. 60 , 61 Published protocols utilizing both H9 hESCs and hiPSCs have demonstrated the expression and functionality of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and AMPAR subunits. 62 , 63 These cells exhibit glutamate-induced Ca 2+ influx, intracellular Ca 2+ responses to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and NMDAR-mediated postsynaptic currents, as confirmed by calcium imaging and whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings.…”

Advances in the knowledge and therapeutics of schizophrenia, major depression disorder, and bipolar disorder from human brain organoid research

“…In addition, the use of mixed cultures containing combinations of wild-type or abnormal, (i.e., genetically modified), neural cells were of great help to explore basic neuropathological mechanisms. Data obtainable from conventional two-dimensional cultures include aspects such as of neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, the release of neurotransmisors, being also useful to design protocols that direct differentiation of stem cell towards neuron and glia subtypes ( 15 , 16 ). A major weakness of two-dimensional cultures (2D-cultures) came from their impossibility to replicate the complex architecture of neurons and glia in distinct brain regions that is of critical importance for function ( 17 ).…”