Assessment of Neurological “Soft Signs” in Adolescents: Reliability Studies

Stokman, Cornelis J.; Shafer, Stephen Q.; Shaffer, David; Ng, Stephen; Wolff, Robert R.; O’Connor, Patricia

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1986.tb14280.x

Cited by 42 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…The neurodevelopmental examination used in our previous study has not been validated for use with teenagers, so we used the test battery and scoring system described by Stokman et al (1986), for which extensive reliability and validity data are available. The items included assess astereognosis, dysgraphaesthesia, dysdiadochokinesis, mirror movements, motor slowness and involuntary movements.…”

Section: Neurodevelopmental Test Battery Wdt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clumsiness in Children‐Do they Grow out Of It? A 10‐Year Follow‐Up Study

Losse

Henderson

Elliman

et al. 1991

Develop Med Child Neuro

539

257

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SUMMARY The question of whether problems of motor co‐ordination in early childhood recede with age has rarely been addressed. This paper reports the findings from a follow‐up study of 17 children, identified by their teachers as having poor motor co‐ordination at age six. Now age 16, these children and their matched controls completed a battery of assessments. The results suggest that the majority of children still have difficulties with motor co‐ordination, have poor self‐concept and are experiencing problems of various kinds in school. However, there are individual differences in the extent to which the children have learned to cope with their continuing difficulties over the years. RÉSUMÉ Maladresse chez l'enfant: disparait‐elle? Etude de suivi durant dix ans La question de savoir si les problèmes de coordination de l'enfance régressent avec l'ǎge a été rarement posée. L'article rapporte les données d'une étude longitudinale de 17 enfants, chez qui les enseignants avaient détecté une coordination motrice médiocre à l'ǎge de six ans. Ces sujets ont étéévalués par une batterie, avec des contrǒles appariés, a l'ǎge de 16 ans. Les résultats suggèrent que la majorité des sujets présentaient encore des difficultés en rapport avec une mauvaise coordination motrice, avaient une mauvaise image de leurs capacités et avaient eu des problèmes variés à l'école. Il y avait cependant des différences individuelles dans I'aptitude à intégrer les difficultés au cours des annees. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ungeschicklichkeit bei Kindern: wie stehen die Chancen für eine Normalisierung? Eine Verlaufstudie über 10 Jahre Es ist selten die Frage gestellt worden, ob Probleme der motorischen Koordination im frühen Kindesalter im Laufe der Jahre verschwinden. In dieser Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse einer Verlaufsstudie bei 17 Kindern dargestellt, die im Alter von sechs Jahren von ihren Lehrern eine schlechte Beurteilung ihrer motorischen Koordination bekommen hatten. Jetzt, im Alter von 16 Jahren, wurden diese Kinder, sowie ihre Kontrollen, einer Reihe von Untersuchungen unterzogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, da8 die Mehrzahl der Kinder noch immer Schwierigkeiten bei der motorischen Koordination, sowie ein mangelhaftes Selbstwertgefühl und verschiedene Probleme in der Schule hat. Es gibt jeoch individuelle Unterschiede, wie die Kinder gelernt haben, ihre fortbestehenden Schwierigkeiten im Verlaufe der Jahre zu meistern. RESUMEN Torpeza en niños:? Ilegan con la edad a libererse de ella? Estudio a lo largo de diez años Sólo muy raramente se ha planteado la pregunta de si los problemas de coordinación Ilegan a desaparecer con la edad. Este trabajo expone los hallazgos obtenidos en un estudio continuado de 17 niños, identificados por sus maestros como teniendo una coordinacion pobre a la edad de seis años. Ahora, con 16 años estos niños y un grupo control sa ha completado una bateria de exámenes. Los resultados sugieren que la mayoria de niños tienen todavia dificultades en la coordinacion motora. Tienen un autoconcep...

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Section: Neurodevelopmental Test Battery Wdt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clumsiness in Children‐Do they Grow out Of It? A 10‐Year Follow‐Up Study

Losse

Henderson

Elliman

et al. 1991

Develop Med Child Neuro

539

257

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…NSS are traditionally screened in the clinical examination of young children and there are different operational scales to classify and quantify them, 1–3 sometimes subdividing them into motor and sensory signs, which have different reliabilities 4 . Yet, in spite of their widespread use, the neural basis and the clinical significance of NSS are still a matter of debate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are detailed studies about test–retest and interobserver reliability of the different NSS 3,4,11 and studies on their particular association with developmental disorders 6,7 or cognitive abilities, 12 with a few exceptions, 11 there is little knowledge about their evolution beyond late childhood. This is an essential piece of information to define the boundaries of normality, i.e., the age beyond which they are expected to disappear and to understand their natural evolution, assuming that their presence during a certain phase can be interpreted as a sign of normal development.…”

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confidence: 99%

A longitudinal study of neurological soft signs from late childhood into early adulthood

Martins

Lauterbach

Slade

et al. 2008

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Neurological examination of children includes the screening for soft neurological signs (NSS). There is little knowledge about their evolution during adolescence, except that their lasting presence has been associated with developmental, psychological, and cognitive disorders. We report the results of a NSS exam (assessing gross and fine motor function and the presence of hyperactivity and motor impersistence) over a 5‐year period, among a group of healthy children who were followed annually as part of a dental study. Their ages ranged from 11 to 15 years at onset to 14 to 18 years at the end. Participants were divided into four groups by age (younger and older) and sex. At the first evaluation there were 191 males and 150 females. NSS score diminished both with increasing age and follow‐up time in both groups, but at different rates in males and females. Females reached the lowest scores two years before the younger subgroup of males. These results show that NSS change rapidly in adolescence and at different rates in males and females, which must be taken into account in clinical contexts. The evolution of NSS suggests that they are a signature of neural development.

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“…A structured neurological assessment of the children was carried out using the Neurodevelopmental Screen developed by Michelsson et al 4 , a modification of the test of Bax and Whitmore 98 that also includes items from the Berges-Lezine imitation of gestures as well as Gubbay 99 test. Other standardized tests and measures used over the course of the follow-up include the Stott Test of Motor Impairment 100 , Neurological "Soft signs" in Adolescence 101 Dubowitz developmental screening test 102 , The Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities 103 (ITPA Finnish version 104 ), Goodenough Draw-a-person test 105 , Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception 106 , subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 107 (WISC Finnish version 108 ) and subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 109 (WAIS Finnish version 110 ). At the age of 16 part of the cohort was also assessed with more detailed neuropsychological instruments including the Benton Visual Memory Test 111 and subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale 112 (WMS Finnish version 113 ).…”

Section: Methods and Outcomes In Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Perinatal Adverse events and Special Trends in Cognitive Trajectory (PLASTICITY) - pre-protocol for a prospective longitudinal follow-up cohort study

2013

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Prospective follow-up studies on long term effects of pre- and perinatal adverse conditions in adulthood are rare. We will continue to follow the prospective cohort of initially 1196 subjects with predefined at-delivery risk factors out of 22,359 consecutive deliveries during 1971-74 at a single maternity hospital. The risk cohort and 93 controls have been followed up with a comprehensive clinical program at 5, 9, and 16 years of age and by questionnaire at the age of 30 years. Major medical events known to affect the development and growth of the brain, or cognitive functions and personality have been documented. Here we present a pre-protocol for the project, which we will call PLASTICITY, whose aim is to follow consenting subjects and controls into mid-adulthood and beyond, and to explore how the neonatal risk factors modulate neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes such as learning disabilities, ADHD, aging, early onset mild cognitive impairment and even dementia. Our first focus is on the neurological and cognitive outcomes at age 40 years, using detailed neurological, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, genetic, blood chemistry and registry based methods. Results will be expected to offer information on the risk of neurological, psychiatric, metabolic and other medical consequences as well as the need for health and social services at the brink of middle age, when new degenerative phenomena are known to emerge. The evaluation at age 40 years will serve as a baseline for later aging studies. We welcome all comments and suggestions, which we will apply in finalizing details and inviting collaboration.

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Assessment of Neurological “Soft Signs” in Adolescents: Reliability Studies

Cited by 42 publications

References 12 publications

Clumsiness in Children‐Do they Grow out Of It? A 10‐Year Follow‐Up Study

Clumsiness in Children‐Do they Grow out Of It? A 10‐Year Follow‐Up Study

A longitudinal study of neurological soft signs from late childhood into early adulthood

The Perinatal Adverse events and Special Trends in Cognitive Trajectory (PLASTICITY) - pre-protocol for a prospective longitudinal follow-up cohort study

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