Assessment of Natural Regeneration of Mangrove Species at Tsunami Affected Areas in Indonesia and Malaysia

Abstract

Abstract. Indian Ocean tsunami caused extensive damage on human life and coastal environments, including fragmented mangroves prior to 2004 tsunami. The natural regeneration of mangrove woody species was assessed in four tidal coasts of Aceh and Peninsular Malaysia during August 2015 to August 2016. A total of 23 mangrove woody species was recorded and they having good ability in term of natural regeneration at tsunami affected areas. The North coast of Aceh was recorded as richest mangrove with 22 species, followed by East coast of Aceh (17 species) and Peninsular Malaysia coast (13 species). In addition, the poorest mangrove was found in West coast of Aceh (7 species). Some species, such as Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Nypa fruticans, Scaevola taccada and Sonneratia caseolaris are found growing well in all sites. In contrast, Bruguiera cylindrica is only found in West coast of Peninsular Malaysia as same as Ceriops tagal, Phoenix paludosa and Sonneratia ovata are only found in North coast of Aceh. To date, some areas of natural regenerated mangrove were ruined by negative activities, such as illegal cutting and encroachment. Therefore, public consultations and community participations were needed to develop and conserve the important natural assets.

Degradation level of mangrove forest and its reduction strategy in Tabongo Village, Boalemo District, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia

“…Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata are recorded as the most important and widespread species of mangrove plant (Noor et al 1999, Onrizal andMansor 2016;Onrizal et al 2017). The dominance of these two mangrove species can reach up to 90% of the vegetation growing in one location and optimal growth occurs in deep flooded areas, as well as on humus-rich soil, and they also bloom throughout the year.…”

“…These ecosystems create functional systems both biologically, physically and chemically. Mangrove forest ecosystems serve as habitat of various marine organisms for feeding and living their live stages from larvae to adulthood, while coral reef ecosystems serve as habitat of various species of fish and other marine biota needed by humans (Onrizal et al 2009(Onrizal et al , 2017Utina 2012). Mangrove ecosystem is a coastal wetland forest located in the intertidal zone in estuaries, deltas, creeks, lagoons, swamps, mud especially in tropical and subtropical areas.…”

Secondary Ecological Succession of Mangrove in the 2004 Tsunami Created Wetlands of South Andaman, India

“…However, very few studies were conducted to understand the dynamics of the ecological succession of mangroves after natural disasters like hurricanes and tsunamis [80]. The mangroves of the study area faced the double impact of mortality due to 26th December 2004 tsunami viz., (1) physical fury, and (2) prolonged submergence due to subsidence of land mass [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. Zones of subsided landmass were waterlogged permanently resulting in (TCWs).…”

“…The fluvial influx in the landmass subsided zones due to the 2004 tsunami created a conducive environment for mangrove colonization (ecological succession). Hence, the present study aims at understanding the secondary ecological succession of mangrove in Tsunami Created Wetlands (TCWs) of South Andaman so that it would help in initiating anthropogenically induced massive restoration and rehabilitation of it in the future [6,28,[43][44][45][46][47].…”

Short Communication: The phenology of Sonneratia alba J. Smith in Berbak and Sembilang National Park, South Sumatra, Indonesia

“…The economics function of mangroves are as the building substance made from woods, various household materials and medications. Nevertheless, the ecological functions of mangroves are as the spawning sites for fish and as a natural stands to protect the human settlements from the strong wind and sea water intrusion, including tsunami catastrophe (Onrizal et al 2009(Onrizal et al , 2017Onrizal and Manzor 2016).…”