Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of fast and simultaneous assessment of T 1 , T 2 , and M 0 (relative proton density) changes in skeletal muscle studies using an inversion recovery true fast imaging with steady-state precession (TrueFISP) sequence.Materials and Methods: NMR signal dynamics in calf muscles were analyzed under four different conditions: intravenous injection of a low-molecular weight Gd contrast agent (CA), postarterial occlusion reactive hyperemia, local cooling, and an exercise bout. Experiments were conducted on a clinical 3T whole-body scanner.Results: At rest, average muscle T 1 and T 2 values obtained from the IR-TrueFISP experiments were 1.34 6 0.13 seconds and 45 6 5 msec, respectively (median 6 standard deviation). 1) Noticeable T 1 decreases (DT 1 max %À30%) were measured in the calf muscles after CA injection, while no significant changes were observed for T 2 and M 0 . 2) T 2 increased rapidly during reactive hyperemia and reached a peak value (þ6%) at about 1 minute postischemia. During ischemia, a significant decrease was observed only in the soleus muscle. No significant paradigm-related changes in M 0 and T 1 were noted in all muscle groups, except in the m. soleus (DT 1 %þ1% during reactive hyperemia). 3) Opposite variations in muscle T 1 (DT 1 max %À30%) and M 0 (DM 0 max %þ25%) associated with local cooling were detected. 4) Concomitant changes in T 1 (DT 1 max %þ15%), T 2 (DT 2 max %þ35%), and M 0 (DM 0 max %þ16%) were observed in the activated muscles following the exercise bout.Conclusion: IR-TrueFISP was sufficiently fast and sensitive to detect small and transient T 1 , T 2 , and M 0 changes in the calf muscles under different experimental conditions. The sequence offers a time-resolution adequate to track rapid physiological adaptations in skeletal muscle.