Assessment of metals behaviour in industrial soil using sequential extraction, multivariable analysis and a geostatistical approach

Abstract

The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the degree of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni pollution using pollution indexes and geostatistical approach, and to assess metals dynamic using sequential extraction procedure and multivariable statistical analysis in surface soils and soil profiles from an industrial complex as a base for a correct management in order to avoid health and environmental problems. Results showed that the industrial activity increases both Pb (103 mg kg −1), Zn (526 mg kg −1) and Cu (39 mg kg −1) concentrations and salinity in soil. Pollution indexes showed that industrial soils were moderately contaminated by Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni as well as a moderate ecological risk was reported. Two main areas were identified: southeast area with the highest metal concentrations, and northwest area with the lowest levels. Chemical speciation of metals showed that the residual phase was the dominant phase for all metals. However, Pb and Zn were highly associated to the reducible phase (25-30% and 35-40% respectively) and a significant concentration was associated to carbonates (5% for both metals). In contrast, Cu, Cr and Ni were mainly bound to the residual phase (N 80% for all metals) with low concentrations retained to reducible phase, and very low concentrations bound to the most labile phases. Cd was the most mobile metal with high concentration associated to exchangeable (5%) and carbonates (15-20%) phases. Therefore, Pb, Zn and Cd represent the greatest risk for human health and the environment.

Farmer Awareness to the Dangers of Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd) Pollution due to Over-Fertilization in Sragen Regency Central Java

“…Based on Figure 2 it is known that 61.11% (the sum of quite understand and not understand) of the community doesn't understand that the presence of heavy metals in the environment can cause many problems. The presence of heavy metals especially Cd metal in the agricultural land can cause changes in the color and texture of the soil (Gabarrón et al, 2017). Agricultural land was containing Cd metal that exceeding the threshold will turn blackish and the texture will turn harder (hard to hoe).…”

“…Agricultural land will eventually become hard (difficult to hoe) and its productivity will decrease. This is due to nutrient inequality due to long-term use of inorganic fertilizers (Sharma et al, 2014;Gabarrón et al, 2017). Based on Figure 4 it is known that 65.01% (the sum of quite aware and unaware) of the community unaware of heavy metal pollution due to over-fertilization.…”

Sequential Extraction of Some Heavy Metals in Southwest Giza Soil, Egypt

“…4). These concentrations of the studied metals in the exchangeable fraction are considered the most potentially labile and bioavailable fraction and consequentially the highest toxic to the environment [49,50]. This fraction includes the water soluble and exchangeable ions on both of fine particles and organic matter surfaces of soil and accordingly is influenced by clays and organic matter contents of soils [51,52].…”

Assessment of pollution in roadside soils by using multivariate statistical techniques and contamination indices

“…In India, where rapid development of roads and associated services such as industries and urban development, there is a lack of information about soil contamination indices and multivariate statistical techniques. The application of multivariate statistical techniques in combination with contamination indices has been employed to find out the source apportionment and pollution level of HMs in the roadside soils [19].…”