“…Since then, several authors and organizations have developed various methods of WQI determination to assess water quality for diverse uses (Chao et al, 2023;Uddin et al, 2023), which differ in the way their sub-indexes develop and the process by which these sub-indexes get aggregated to calculate the final index value (Ponsadailakshmi et al, 2018;Sutadian et al, 2017). So, worldwide, the water quality index is widely used to assess and monitor water quality by government agencies, researchers, and environmental organizations (Dutta et al, 2022;Varma et al, 2022). It is also used to assess water quality in the vicinity of pollution sources, such as mining activities, which generate a considerable volume of mining waste in nature (Zaghloul et al, 2023;Boum-Nkot et al, 2023;Effendi et al, 2015).…”