Assessment of macronutrients consumption in the diet of adolescent school children in four seasons: a longitudinal study from an urban city in Pakistan

Abstract

Background A healthy diet in the adolescence period is essential for physical, mental, and immunological development. We aimed to assess macronutrient consumption in the diet of adolescent school children using 24 h recalls in four seasons of the year. Method This was a longitudinal study conducted from February 2014 to June 2015. The study population included 155 school children aged 7–14 years from an urban school in Karachi. 24HR recall was conducted on 4 random days of the 4 main seasons. A food composition table was developed where the weight, calories, carbohydrate, fat, and protein content of the food items were listed. Macronutrients quantification was calculated by using proportional weight from the food composition table. Food groups were also assigned to each food item including vegetables, fruits, grains, protein foods, dairy products, and oils. Results A total of 155 adolescent children aged between 7 and 14 years were approached. Out of the 155 preadolescents and adolescents, 150 (96.7%) agreed to participate. The mean (SD) age of the children was 11.31 (1.6) years, and 59% of all the children were males. Overall mean (SD) daily intake for all seasons was 195.31 (86.87) grams of carbohydrates, 94.77 (71.87) grams of proteins, and 55.87 (30.79) grams of fats. Carbohydrates formed 48.16%, protein 21.92%, and fat 29.93% of the total caloric intake. The mean (SD) daily caloric intake was 1517 (644) grams. Overall, the highest source of calories was from carbohydrate 781 (347) Kilocalories (Kcal), followed by fat 502 (277) Kcal and protein 379 (287). The Carbohydrate intake in 24 h was highest in the autumn; 212.81 (85.37), and there was a significant difference in carbohydrate intake in all seasons (p value 0.003). Consumption of discretionary food group was high (31.3%), and consumption of fruits and vegetables was low (29%). Conclusion The study reports a suboptimal caloric intake of fewer than 2000 cal/day among the adolescents from school. The highest source of calories was from carbohydrates.The highest consumption of food was in autumn and the least in summer. Fruits and vegetable intake was low, and discretionary food intake was high.

Food consumption and adherence to dietary guidelines among Jordanian children and adolescents

“…33 The same findings were found in Pakistan, where adolescents consumed 31.3% of their energy from discretionary foods. 62 On average, about 14% of total EI in American children and adolescents was from added sugars. 63 Despite adequate carbohydrate intake, the average intake of added sugars was nearly 57 g/day (about 13% and 12% of total EI for children and adolescents, respectively), and these averages were higher than the levels allowed by the MyPlate dietary guidelines and WHO guidelines.…”

School Health Education Program in Pakistan (SHEPP): findings from a feasibility trial in pre-adolescent school children from a lower middle-income country

“…Increased interest in watching television or playing on computer, lack of safe outdoor playgrounds and walking tracks in major cities, residing in urban areas are some of the other important factors responsible for suboptimal physical activity levels [ 10 – 12 ]. Consumption of discretionary food items and sugar sweetened beverages were more than fruits and vegetable intake in adolescent school children from Karachi, Pakistan [ 13 , 14 ]. Prevalence of smoking was reported to be 14% in pre-adolescents and adolescents aged 5–15 years from Pakistan [ 15 , 16 ].…”