Assessment of Landscape Change of Lesser Himalayan Road Corridor of Uttarakhand, India

Abstract

The spatio-temporal monitoring and understanding of the pattern of land-use and land-cover (LULC) change in the Himalayas are essential for sustainable development, especially from environmental planning and management perspective. The increasing anthropogenic activities and climate change in the Siwalik and Lesser Himalayas have substantially experienced rapid change in the natural landscape; however, detailed investigation and documentation of such observed changes are limited. This study aims to assess the LULC changes along the Kalsi-Chakrata road corridor located in the Lesser Himalayan region of Uttarakhand state of India using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) for the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2019. The LULC maps were generated from multi-temporal satellite images of the Landsat -7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) series for 2000 and 2010, and the Linear Imaging Self-Scanning System IV (LISS IV) images from Resourcesat-1 for 2019. The extent of spatial landscape changes occurred in different LULC classes was performed through the cross-tabulation change matrix in the GIS module up to the individual village level. The results indicate that the forest cover of the area was intensively converted to open areas, sparse vegetation, and different land-use categories. These included agricultural land, built-up areas, and decreased from 47.27 % in 2000 to 36.66 % in 2019. During the same period, the open areas and agricultural areas were increased by 15.86 % and 4.49 %, respectively. Moreover, the built-up areas (both urban and rural settlements) were progressively increased from 0.33% in 2000 to 0.56 % in 2019. The conversion of forests and sparsely vegetative areas to agricultural land and rural settlements is closely associated with the increasing anthropogenic activities due to population growth, tourism, movement of heavy vehicles for mining and other economic activities. The changes in land-cover to land use classes are more prominent in Samalta Dadauli, Nithala, Bhugtari, and Udapalta villages located between Kalsi and Sahiya town. The reported maximum transition of forest areas into the open area, agricultural land, and sparse vegetation indicates the possible scarcity of water, which could link with the incidence of climatic or seasonal variation in the Lesser Himalayan terrain to the hydro-geomorphic and anthropogenic processes. The trend in LULC change at the village level gave the insight to help to prioritize future mitigation planning and sustainable development that are exceedingly convenient for the planners, policymakers, and local authorities for comprehensive forest management, biodiversity strategies, and necessary conservation

Land Use Dynamics and Impact on Regional Climate Post-Tehri Dam in the Bhilangana Basin, Garhwal Himalaya

“…The large-scale change in land use has added to the rising temperature [29,38]. However, it is a complex process, and many variables play crucial roles [57,58]. The increase in average temperature may lead to an increase in atmospheric humidity and precipitation pattern [35].…”

Predicting Landslides Susceptible Zones in the Lesser Himalayas by Ensemble of Per Pixel and Object-Based Models

“…Therefore, these are the factors that trigger the landslide events in combination in a complex natural environment. Based on specific site conditions, the number of these factors may differ, and the factors are chosen by a thorough literature review [10,64,[80][81][82][83]. Their classification system and data acquisition process are directly associated with the nature of the conditioning factors and the related environment, their different natures, and regional environmental characteristics [84,85].…”

“…Their classification system and data acquisition process are directly associated with the nature of the conditioning factors and the related environment, their different natures, and regional environmental characteristics [84,85]. In this study, considering the complex hydro-geological and topographic setup of the Lesser Himalayas, 14 such landslide conditioning factors were carefully chosen for the hazard models based on field investigation, literature, past experiences, and geospatial data available for the area [11,58,80]. These are slope angle, slope aspect, altitude, lithology, rainfall, NDVI, soil, seismicity, distance from road/drainage/fault, LULC, TWI, and SPI.…”