Assessment of increased thermal activity at Mount Baker, Washington, March 1975-March 1976

Frank, David; Meier, Mark F.; Swanson, Donald A.; Fretwell, M.O.; Malone, Stephen D.; Rosenfeld, Charles L.; Shreve, Ronald L.; Wilcox, Ray E.

doi:10.3133/pp1022a

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Frank, 1977). This avalanche was indirectly caused by heat from the new fumaroles melting a large pit in the lower part of the glacier descending from the summit of :tYlount Baker into Sherman Crater (Frank and others, 1977). The lower parts of this once r elatively smooth crater glacier began breaking up in the spring of 1975 as its support at depth was melted by the new fumaroles.…”

Section: Glacier Avalanchementioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic Evidence for Discrete Glacier Motion at the Rock–Ice Interface

Weaver

Malone

1979

J. Glaciol.

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ABSTRACT. Seismic m on ito ring on three C ascad e volca noes in W ashington Sta te, U .S.A., has shown that small seismic events are generated by t he active glaciers found on each mount ain. D eta iled seismic experime nts have been conducted to invest iga te the sources for these icequakes. C onsidera ble eviden ce indicates t hat the even ts are the result of a sti ck-slip type of motio n ta king place at the b ed of the glaciers. T he few events we have been a ble to locate had d epths comparable with the glaciers' thickness. The similarity of wave fo rm from a n explosion a t the bottom of a glacier a nd natura l icequa kes suggests tha t the complexity of the seism ic wave form is due to the path a nd n ot the source. The events exhibit a n a nnual trend with more events being record ed in the summer tha n during the w inte r. A ten-fold in cr ease in the number o f events preced ed a la rge ice a vala nche tha t involved the entire glacier thickness, suggesting that seismi c monitoring m ay be useful in predicting ca tastrophic ice m ovem en ts. nom bre d'evenements p n:cederent un e gra nde avala nche de glace qui in teresse la tota lite d e l'epaisseur du gla cier , ce q ui permet d e penser que les rei eves sism ologiq ues peu vent e tre util es pour p revoir d es mou vem ents catas t rophiq ues de la glace. ZUSAMM ENFASSUNG. Seismischer NachweisJur diskrete Gletscherbewegung a ll der Gren zj/iiche zwischell Eis und Fels. Di e seism ische U berwachung dreier Vulka ne in der Cascad e R a nge, W as hin gton Sta te, U. S.A., hat erwiesen , dass kle ine seismische E r eig n isse von den akt iven G letschern, d ie a uf d iesen Bergen lieg en , a usgelost werde n . Ocr Untersuchung der Quell en solcher E rdbebe n gait en eingehe nde seismische Versu ch e; sie erbrachte n d en Beweis, dass d ie Ereignisse das Ergebnis ruckartiger Bewegu n gen sind , d ie am Bett d er G letsch e r statt find e n . Die wenige n E reig nisse, d ie loka lisiert werden konn ten, ka m en a us Tiefen, die der Gletscherd icke vergle ich bar waren. Die Ah nli ch keit der vVell enfo rmen bei einer E xplosion a m G rund e e ines G letschers und bei natiirl ichen Eisbebe n lasst verm uten, dass d ie komplexe Form d er seismischen W elle von d er Well enba hn herrOhrt , nicht a ber von d er Quelle. Die Er e ign isse zeigen ein e j a hreszeitliche T ende nz; sie treten im Sommer h a ufiger a uf a ls im Winter. E in Anstieg d er E reignisse a uf d as zehnfache ging einer gross en Eisla wine voraus, welche d ie ga n ze G letscherdicke erfass te; es ka nn da h er a ngen om men werden, d ass katastropha le Eisbewegungen sich durch seismische Uberwachung vorhersagen lassen. INTROD UCTIONA distinct class of seism ic activi ty has long been associa ted with the seismic monitoring of three glaciated Quaterna ry Cascade R a nge volca noes in W ashington Sta te . First identified on helicorder records from a sta tion es ta blished on the southern flank of Mount R ainier in 1963, this cl ass of events was characterized by a low-frequ en cy coda (dom...

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Section: Glacier Avalanchementioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic Evidence for Discrete Glacier Motion at the Rock–Ice Interface

Weaver

Malone

1979

J. Glaciol.

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“…2), although ejecta were also observed from other fumaroles during at least one other period (July 10-11, 1975;Frank et al 1977). By August-September 1975, mud streams were observed to be discharging from the lower lip of the new main fumarole at the same time as airborne ejecta, so by that time at least part of the fumarole vent had developed into a mudpot.…”

Section: Fumarole Ejectamentioning

confidence: 86%

Magma at depth: a retrospective analysis of the 1975 unrest at Mount Baker, Washington, USA

et al. 2011

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Mount Baker volcano displayed a short interval of seismically-quiescent thermal unrest in 1975, with high emissions of magmatic gas that slowly waned during the following three decades. The area of snow-free ground in the active crater has not returned to pre-unrest levels, and fumarole gas geochemistry shows a decreasing magmatic signature over that same interval. A relative microgravity survey revealed a substantial gravity increase in the~3 0 years since the unrest, while deformation measurements suggest slight deflation of the edifice between 1981-83 and 2006-07. The volcano remains seismically quiet with regard to impulsive volcano-tectonic events, but experiences shallow (<3 km) low-frequency events likely related to glacier activity, as well as deep (>10 km) longperiod earthquakes. Reviewing the observations from the 1975 unrest in combination with geophysical and geochemical data collected in the decades that followed, we infer that elevated gas and thermal emissions at Mount Baker in 1975 resulted from magmatic activity beneath the volcano: either the emplacement of magma at mid-crustal levels, or opening of a conduit to a deep existing source of magmatic volatiles. Decadal-timescale, multi-parameter observations were essential to this assessment of magmatic activity.

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“…Studies of glaciation, ashes, lahars, eruptive history, and recent activity of Mount Baker during the decade of the 1970s include Easterbrook and Burke (1972) and Easterbrook (1975Easterbrook ( , 1976aEasterbrook ( , 1976bEasterbrook ( , 1977Easterbrook ( , 1980; three Masters of Science theses at Western Washington University, Bellingham, that focused on glacial geology and ashes (Burke 1972;Heller 1978;Fuller 1980); and two theses on the petrology and geochemistry of flows (Stavert 1971;McKeever 1977). Increased thermal activity that began in March 1975 and continued until about 1979 contributed to increased interest, and several publications documented recent steam eruptions and debris flows (e.g., Easterbrook 1975;Eichelberger et al 1975;Frank et al , 1977Kiver 1975Kiver , 1978Malone and Frank 1975). Hyde and Crandell (1978) described several ashes, mudflows, and lava flows and assessed the hazards from possible future eruptions of Mount Baker.…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Holocene eruptive history of Mount Baker, Washington

2001

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New radiocarbon dates associated with volcanic ashes and lahars improve our understanding of the volcanic activity of Mount Baker, a 3284 m-high, andesitic stratovolcano in the North Cascades, Washington. The geologic record shows that during the Holocene, four ashes and at least seven lahars were deposited on the flanks of Mount Baker and in the nearby North Cascades. Here, we document the ages of three previously undated ashes, the Schriebers Meadow scoria, the Rocky Creek ash, and the Cathedral Crag ash. Because Mount Baker lies at the head of the Nooksack drainage, eruptive activity may influence areas downstream. Understanding the timing and characteristics of volcanic eruptions from Mount Baker is useful from volcanic hazard and paleoclimatological perspectives. Résumé : De nouvelles datations au radiocarbone pour des cendres et des lahars volcaniques améliorent notre compré-hension de l'activité volcanique du mont Baker, un strato-volcan andésitique d'une hauteur de 3284 mètres situé dans les Cascades septentrionales, dans l'état de Washington. Les données géologiques indiquent que durant l'Holocène quatre émissions de cendres et d'au moins sept lahars se sont déposés sur les flancs du mont Baker et dans les Cascades septentrionales environnantes. Ici, nous documentons les âges de trois cendres non datées, soit la scorie Schriebers Meadow, la cendre Rocky Creek et la cendre Cathedral Crag. Puisque le mont Baker est à la tête du bassin de drainage Nooksack, l'activité éruptive peut affecter les régions en aval. Pour bien saisir le danger volcanique et les paléo-climats, il est utile de comprendre les séquences et les caractéristiques des éruptions volcaniques du mont Baker. [Traduit par la Rédaction] 1366 Kovanen et al.

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Assessment of increased thermal activity at Mount Baker, Washington, March 1975-March 1976

Cited by 27 publications

References 9 publications

Seismic Evidence for Discrete Glacier Motion at the Rock–Ice Interface

Seismic Evidence for Discrete Glacier Motion at the Rock–Ice Interface

Magma at depth: a retrospective analysis of the 1975 unrest at Mount Baker, Washington, USA

Holocene eruptive history of Mount Baker, Washington

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