Assessment of impacts of diphenyl phosphate on groundwater and near-surface environments: Sorption and toxicity

Life Cycle Exposure to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Diphenyl Phosphate (DPhP) Inhibits Growth and Energy Metabolism of Zebrafish in a Sex-Specific Manner

“…DPhP has minimal acute toxicity and its 96h-LC 50 value was determined to be 49.98 ± 7.06 mg/L for zebrafish embryos. 11 Significantly greater mortality of embryos and lesser rates of hatching were observed in zebrafish after exposure to 10 μM (2.5 mg/L) DPhP from 4 to 96 hpf. 20 Recently, cardiotoxicity after acute exposure to high concentrations of DPhP (250 mg/L) have been observed, resulting in significantly greater distance between the sinus venosus and bulbus arteriosis (SV-BA) in zebrafish embryos.…”

“…Ubiquitous exposure to DPhP has raised concerns on risks to environment and human health. , Results of previous studies have indicated that DPhP causes minimal acute toxicity. The 96 h-LC 50 value of DPhP to zebrafish embryos was 49.98 ± 7.06 mg/L . DPhP caused no significant effects to chicken embryonic hepatocytes at concentrations up to 1000 μM (250 mg/L) but altered more transcripts than its precursor TPhP .…”

“…The 96 h-LC 50 value of DPhP to zebrafish embryos was 49.98 ± 7.06 mg/L. 11 DPhP caused no significant effects to chicken embryonic hepatocytes at concentrations up to 1000 μM (250 mg/L) but altered more transcripts than its precursor TPhP. 18 In addition, exposure to DPhP could result in developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, and cardiotoxicity.…”

“…23 To date, most of the studies on toxicity of DPhP have only focused on acute toxicity/short-term effects upon exposure to DPhP at concentrations that are far greater than those found in environmental matrices, which are generally at in the range of μg/L. 4,11,24 For example, DPhP-caused cardiac defects in zebrafish embryo were only observed at concentrations greater than 500 μM (125 mg/L). 21 Exposure to DPhP increased mortality of zebrafish larvae but only at a concentration greater than 10 −6 M (250 μg/L).…”

“…In addition, DPhP is being used directly as an industrial catalyst and additive . As a result of the diverse and heterogeneous sources mentioned above, DPhP has been detected to varying degrees, in a variety of media all over the world, such as human blood (<0.12–3.31 μg/L), human urine (0.14–32 μg/L, <0.16–193 μg/L, and 0.68–140 μg/L), indoor dust (923–79,661 ng/g), wastewater (0.03–1.29 μg/L), flowback and produced water (3.7 μg/L), rivers (not detected–70 ng/L), and wastewater sludge (0.93–1,680 ng/g dry weight) . DPhP could be formed in fish by biotransformation of TPhP and EHDPhP, , which would contribute to the internal body burden of DPhP and further highlights the importance of investigating toxicity of DPhP in fish.…”