Assessment of Human Milk Intake by Breastfed Infants Using Deuterium Oxide Dose-to-Mother Technique in “Tumbuh Kembang Anak” Cohort, Indonesia

Abstract

Indonesia government has done the WHO recomendation that the infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life to achieve optimum growth, development and health. Nevertheless, the percentage of exclusive breastfed infants have not achieved the target yet and has not been scientifically quantified. The objective of the study is to measure the intake of human milk of Indonesian infants during first 6 months and to record the breastfeeding practices of mothers. Thirty healthy mother-infant pairs were recruited randomly for the cross-sectional study at "Tumbuh Kembang Anak" cohort in Bogor. Milk intake to the infant was measured using the deuterium oxide technique over 14 days. The interviews were done by members of team using the questionnaire to get the information on breastfeeding practice of respondents. The results showed that intake of human milk was 784 ± 117g.d -1 (mean ± SD), 787 ± 180 g.d -1 for infants 3 and 6 moths of age. It showed that the milk intake were not different between 3 and 6 months. The body composition of mothers, age, or parityhad no effects on milk intake of infants, education of mothers (3 months aged, P = 0.061, r = -0.097 and 6 months, P = 0.616, r = -0.095), infants of 3 months aged, P = 0.200, r = -0.290 and 6 months, P = -0.078, r = 0.684). Body mass index of mother (P < 0.05, r = 0.963) were correlated with the milk intake. About 53 % of the lactating mothers started breastfeeding within less than one hour of delivery. Breast-milk intake of the Indonesian infants were documented using deuterium oxide-to-the-mother technique. In the current study concluded that the exclusive breastfeeding practices with 30 pairs of mother-infant still shows that the conditions of exclusive breastfeeding practices have not been properly adhered to by mothers who deliver babies. It is recommended that "mother and baby health officer" in Indonesia are increasingly promoting in order mothers in urban and rural areas to breastfeed exclusively for up to 6 months.

Is Maternal Body Weight or Composition Associated with Onset of Lactogenesis II, Human Milk Production, or Infant Consumption of Mother’s Own Milk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…There was significant heterogeneity in the rates (range: 12.5%–100% of participants) and duration of reported exclusive human milk feeding among these articles. Only 2 articles (1.6%) reported solely on mothers providing exclusive human milk feeding, and both focused on infant consumption of mother's milk [ [130] , [150] ]. The study settings were balanced between high-income (52%) and low- to middle-income countries (48%).…”

“…Fifty-eight articles (75 data points) were included in the meta-regression examining maternal BMI and volume of infant consumption of mother's milk, and we found no association (β: 6.23 mL; 95% CI: −11.26, 23.72 mL; P = 0.48, I 2 = 47.23%, Figure 6 ). In 2 articles, all participants were exclusively fed human milk [ [130] , [150] ], and in the 1 article that explored the association between maternal BMI and infant consumption of mother's milk, the results were consistent [ 150 ]. Results remained consistent in our subanalysis adjusting for infant birth weight (grams) (β: 4.0 mL; 95% CI: −22.82, 30.82 mL; P = 0.76, I 2 = 47.38%; 25 articles; 37 data points).…”

Correlation Between Docosahexaenoic Acid Intake and It’s Content in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Jakarta

“…The adequacy of energy and macronutrient intakes were compared to Indonesian Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) 2013 and DHA intake were compared to Food and Agriculture recommendation for lactating mothers (200mg/day). 17,18 Most of the subjects had energy and macronutrient intake below Indonesian RDA. Median of subjects DHA intake was 158.5 (13.9-719.7) mg/day, only 32.5 % of the subjects meet the FAO recommendation.…”