Assessment of Human Health Risk for Heavy Metals in Imported Rice and its Daily Intake in Iran

Yousefi, Nader; Meserghani, Maryam; Bahrami, Hamideh; Mahvi, Amir Hossein

doi:10.3923/rjet.2016.75.81

Cited by 18 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…El arroz posee un alto valor nutricional, pero, es importante destacar la presencia de contaminantes, especialmente los metales tóxicos, como por ejemplo, arsénico (As), plomo (Pb) y cadmio (Cd). Debido al alto consumo de arroz, los consumidores están expuestos a altos niveles, por lo que, se deberían tomar medidas adecuadas para evitar su incremento [8][9][10][11]. La exposición prolongada al arsénico a través del consumo de agua y alimentos contaminados puede causar cáncer y lesiones cutáneas.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Cocción de arroz: eficiencia energética, valor nutricional y metales pesados

Medina

Barragán

Casanova

et al. 2023

BISTUA

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El arroz es uno de los cereales más producidos y consumidos en el mundo, debido a su aporte calórico a la dieta de los seres humanos. El componente principal del arroz es el almidón, pero también es una fuente importante de minerales, fibras y vitaminas. El arroz puede contener también niveles importantes de metales tóxicos. Existen varios métodos utilizados para la cocción del arroz a nivel doméstico, siendo los más comunes el arroz hervido, la cocción en olla arrocera eléctrica, cocción a presión y cocción en microondas. Se evaluó la eficiencia energética de los métodos hallando que la cocción en olla arrocera eléctrica logró un ahorro del 35 – 40 % en comparación con el método por microondas y el tradicional. La cocción óhmica resultó ser la más rápida, con un tiempo de 5 – 7,5 minutos. Este cereal sufre procesos previos a su consumo, los que pueden afectar el contenido de los compuestos mencionados. El lavado del grano genera una reducción del contenido de minerales esenciales y tóxicos, así como de vitaminas B1 y B2 y de ácido fítico. El remojo no generó cambios significativos en el contenido de vitamina B2, minerales y ácido fítico. La cocción por microondas provocó una menor disminución de vitaminas y ácido fítico que la cocción a altas presiones. La cocción con remojo previo provoca no solo la disminución de metales pesados, sino también de minerales esenciales. Por último, otros autores estudiaron el efecto del tiempo y temperatura de cocción con el fin de analizar la variabilidad de las fracciones digeribles del almidón de arroz. Encontraron que, al aumentar la temperatura de 50 a 90°C, la fracción de almidón de digestión rápida se incrementa.

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Cocción de arroz: eficiencia energética, valor nutricional y metales pesados

Medina

Barragán

Casanova

et al. 2023

BISTUA

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“…Other studies reported higher levels of exposure than our revealed levels for Lebanon and the UAE. Two Iranian studies published such high levels;Rabbani et al (2015) stated that exposure was 0.0035 and 0.004 mg/kg/day from Iranian and non-Iranian rice, respectively, andMahvi et al (2016) reported exposure from Indian rice Iran equivalent to 0.88 mg/kg bw/week. Likewise, higher levels were stated byJahiruddin et al in Bangladesh (2017) (74.1±43.5 μg/day) andOrisakwe et al (2012) in Nigeria (0.…”

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Exposure to Toxic Metals from the Consumption of Rice in Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates. (c2022)

Reda¹

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Our study aimed to quantify toxic metals (Arsenic, As, Cadmium, Cd, Chromium, Cr, Mercury, Hg and Lead, Pb) in rice, determine the factors affecting its contamination, and evaluate the dietary exposure from its consumption in Lebanon and UAE. A market screening was done and subsequently, all the brands (total of 236 samples, with 107 from Lebanon and 129 from UAE) were collected and tested. Inductively Coupled Plasma-mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used. In Lebanon, the average ± standard deviation in samples was 0.24±0.08, 0.29±0.13, 0.34±0.13, 0.15±0.05, and 0.27±0.10 mg/kg for As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb, respectively. In UAE, concentrations were 0.18±0.09, 0.07±0.04, 0.23±0.11, 0.17±0.05, and 0.24±0.08 mg/kg for As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb, respectively. In UAE, 9, 1, 100 and 69% of samples exceeded the international limits for As, Cd, Hg and Pb, respectively. In Lebanon, 25, 73, 100 and 69% of samples were above limits for As, Cd, Hg and Pb, respectively. No limits were set for Cr for comparison. In Lebanon, for As, brown rice was significantly more contaminated than white and parboiled rice (p=0.02), long rice grains were significantly more contaminated than short/medium grains (p=0.002), and rice brands originating from developed countries were significantly more contaminated compared to those from developing countries (p<0.001). In UAE, for As, packing season, country of origin, collecting same brands at two different times had significant effect (p= 0.011, 0.016, and <0.001, respectively). In Lebanon, for Cd, collecting same brands at two different times and grain size had significant effect (p<0.001). In UAE, for Cd, collecting same brands at two different times had a significant effect (p=0.008). Regarding Cr, in Lebanon, country of origin, grain size, rice type, and time between packing and purchasing had a significant effect (p=0.006, p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). In UAE, for Cr, the only statistically significant variable was collecting same brands at two different times (p<0.001). For Hg in Lebanon, grain size and type had a significant effect (p=0.019 and p=0.012, respectively), while collecting same brands at two different times had a significant (p<0.001) effect in both Lebanon and UAE. None of the variables had a significant effect on Pb in samples from Lebanon. For Pb in UAE, statistical significance was observed for collecting same brands at two different times and country of origin (p=0.004 and 0.001, respectively). Exposure levels to Hg from rice were higher than both FAO/WHO and European Food Safety Authority limits were detected in UAE. In Lebanon, exposure levels were not considered alarming for Cd, Cr and Hg, as the Lebanese rice consumption rate is relatively lower than in UAE, despite the high levels of contamination. No provisional tolerable limits are currently set for As and Pb; thus, the observed exposure to both metals could be a cause of concern in both countries. Future studies must assess the effects of handling and cooking to better assess exposure to toxic from rice exposure in both countries.

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