Assessment of House Fly Dispersal between Rural and Urban Habitats in Kansas, USA

Chakrabarti, Seemanti; Kambhampati, Srinivas; Zurek, Ludek

doi:10.2317/jkes0809.15.1

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Sixty six percent of house flies were positive for enterococci at a concentration ~10 3 CFU/fly. This is comparable to previous surveys [1,11,44], although the overall prevalence among flies is lower in this study. In other studies enterococcal prevalence in house flies occurred at rates of 90-98% in environments such as swine operations, cattle feedlots, and restaurants [1,11,44].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

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Role of House Flies in the Ecology of Enterococcus faecalis from Wastewater Treatment Facilities

2013

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Enterococci are important nosocomial pathogens with Enterococcus faecalis most commonly responsible for human infections. In this study, we used several measures to test the hypothesis that house flies, Musca domestica (L.), acquire and disseminate antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent E.faecalis from wastewater treatment facilities (WWTF) to the surrounding urban environment. House flies and sludge from four WWTF (1-4) as well as house flies from three urban sites close to WWTF-1 were collected and cultured for enterococci. Enterococci were identified, quantified, screened for antibiotic resistance and virulence traits, and assessed for clonality. Of the eleven antibiotics tested, E. faecalis was most commonly resistant to tetracycline, doxycycline, streptomycin, gentamicin and erythromycin and these traits were intra-species horizontally transferrable by in vitro conjugation. Profiles of E. faecalis (prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence traits) from each of WWTF sludge and associated house flies were similar, indicating that flies successfully acquired these bacteria from this substrate. The greatest number of E. faecalis with antibiotic resistance and virulence factors (i.e., gelatinase, cytolysin, enterococcus surface protein, and aggregation substance) originated from WWTF-1 that processed meat waste from a nearby commercial meat processing plant, suggesting an agricultural rather than human clinical source of these isolates. E. faecalis from house flies collected from three sites 0.7 -1.5 km away from WWTF-1 were also similar in their antibiotic resistance profiles; however, antibiotic resistance was significantly less frequent. Clonal diversity assessment using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed the same clones of E. faecalis from sludge and house flies from WWTF-1 but not from the three urban sites close to WWTF-1. This study demonstrates that house flies acquire antibiotic resistant enterococci from WWTF and potentially disseminate them to the surrounding environment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Several studies have specifically focused on the association of M. domestica and enterococci in animal agriculture environments including poultry [24], swine [1], and cattle [11,41]. Each of these studies provided evidence that house flies acquire AR and potentially virulent enterococci from the animal manure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of House Flies in the Ecology of Enterococcus faecalis from Wastewater Treatment Facilities

2013

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“…Similar to results from our study, enterococcal isolates from swine and cattle faeces and house flies from a cattle farm exhibited a high incidence of gelE and gelatinase activity (Macovei et al 2009), and the presence of gelE gene was related to the capacity for biofilm formation. Enterococci from the digestive tract of house flies (Musca domestica) and German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) can move freely between animal waste and food, and may play a significant role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance (Ahmad et al 2011;Chakrabarti et al 2010). Similarly, stored-product insects can also serve as potential vectors in disseminating antibiotic-resistant and potentially virulent enterococci (Chakrabarti et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from wild flowers

Valenzuela

Benomar

Abriouel

et al. 2011

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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Wild flowers in the South of Spain were screened for Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Enterococci were frequently associated with prickypear and fieldpoppy flowers. Forty-six isolates, from 8 different flower species, were identified as E. faecalis (28 isolates) or E. faecium (18 isolates) and clustered in well-defined groups by ERIC-PCR fingerprinting. A high incidence of antibiotic resistance was detected among the E. faecalis isolates, especially to quinupristin/dalfopristin (75%), rifampicin (68%) and ciprofloxacin (57%), and to a lesser extent to levofloxacin (35.7%), erythromycin (28.5%), tetracycline (3.5%), chloramphenicol (3.5%) and streptomycin (3.5%). Similar results were observed for E. faecium isolates, except for a higher incidence of resistance to tetracycline (17%) and lower to erythromycin (11%) or quinupristin/dalfopristin (22%). Vancomycin or teicoplanin resistances were not detected. Most isolates (especially E. faecalis) were proteolytic and carried the gelatinase gene gelE. Genes encoding other potential virulence factors (ace, efaA (fs), ccf and cpd) were frequently detected. Cytolysin genes were mainly detected in a few haemolytic E. faecium isolates, three of which also carried the collagen adhesin acm gene. Hyaluronidase gene (hyl ( Efm )) was detected in two isolates. Many isolates produced bacteriocins and carried genes for enterocins A, B, and L50 mainly. The similarities found between enterococci from wild flowers and those from animal and food sources raise new questions about the puzzling lifestyle of these commensals and opportunistic pathogens.

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“…Several recent studies have highlighted the efÞciency at which house ßies can acquire and disperse antibiotic resistant enterococci (Graham et al 2009, Chakrabarti et al 2010, Ahmad et al 2011. Further, the ability of various microbes to proliferate and possibly spread antibiotic resistance genes horizontally in the house ßy digestive tract underscores the potential of house ßies to amplify bacterial pathogens (Kobayashi et al 1999(Kobayashi et al , 2002Sasaki et al 2000;Petridis et al 2006;Akhtar et al 2009;McGaughey and Nayduch 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF:pMV158 Survives and Proliferates in the House Fly Digestive Tract

Doud

Zurek

2012

jnl. med. entom.

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Enterococcus faecalis is an important nosocomial pathogen and house ßies have been implicated in the dissemination of this bacterium. In this study, GFP-expressing E. faecalis OG1RF:pMV158 was used to track the fate of the bacterium in the digestive tract of the house ßy, Musca domestica (L.) to assess the vector potential of this insect for E. faecalis. Colony forming unit (CFU) counts were obtained from viable ßuorescing E. faecalis recovered from mouthparts and digestive tract regions (labelum, foregut, midgut, and hindgut) at 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the bacterial exposure. Bacterial counts were signiÞcantly highest in the midgut at 1 h and 4 h and declined during the Þrst 24 h. In the labelum, E. faecalis concentrations were low within the Þrst 24 h and then greatly increased. Bacterial counts and direct observations of the digestive tract under a dissecting microscope with ultra violet light revealed that E. faecalis peaked in the crop after 48 h and remained high until the end of the experiment. Concentrations of E. faecalis in the hindgut were low when compared with other parts of the digestive tract. Microscopy and CFU counts suggest that E. faecalis was digested in the midgut but proliferated in the crop. Both drinking water and feed (ßaked corn) sampled at the end of the assay (96 h) were contaminated by ßuorescing E. faecalis, demonstrating that the ßies disseminated E. faecalis. Our data support the notion that house ßies can act as a bioenhanced vector for bacteria.

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Assessment of House Fly Dispersal between Rural and Urban Habitats in Kansas, USA

Cited by 30 publications

References 52 publications

Role of House Flies in the Ecology of Enterococcus faecalis from Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Role of House Flies in the Ecology of Enterococcus faecalis from Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from wild flowers

Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF:pMV158 Survives and Proliferates in the House Fly Digestive Tract

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