Assessment of Heavy Metals in Waste-Water Irrigated Lettuce in Ghana: The Case of Tamale Municipality

Anim-Gyampo, Maxwell; Ntiforo, Apori; Kumi, Michael

doi:10.5539/jsd.v5n11p93

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…High Pb levels in Ghana could probably be more attributable to vehicular exhaust fumes (Affum et al 2008) than to irrigation water or contaminated soils. This appears to be supported by the low Pb concentrations analyzed in (raw) wastewater, soils and crops in Tamale with its significantly lower traffic intensity than in Kumasi or Accra (Anim- Gyampo et al 2012). Kylander et al (2003) analyzed in Accra a Pb distribution following traffic density with levels reflecting a situation in Europe and the United States before the introduction of catalytic converters.…”

Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Anim Gyampo et al (2012) from Tamale showed slightly elevated Mn and Cd levels in the (raw) wastewater used for irrigation at Kamina barracks. The situation might be worse in Ghana's rural gold mining areas or if manufacturing and industrial production in Ghana's cities increases without regulation of treatment and disposal of industrial effluent.…”

Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cadmium is becoming an increasing health concern in wastewater irrigated agriculture, especially due to its association with damage to kidneys and bones and its potential carcinogenic nature(Suruchi and Khanna 2011). However, Cd levels in wastewater irrigated vegetables sampled by AnimGyampo et al (2012) in Tamale and Lente et al (2012) in Accra do not point at any health risks if compared with appropriate reference values. Official MRLs, like that of Cd, are based on intake of fresh vegetables, i.e.…”

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confidence: 96%

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Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation

Drechsel¹,

Keraita²

2014

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This chapter serves as an introduction to the book and provides brief information about urbanization in West Africa, and in Ghana in particular, the general role of urban agriculture and the common use of polluted irrigation water. It describes our focus on irrigated smallholder vegetable production and our understanding of the terms 'urban', 'peri-urban' and 'wastewater'. The chapter reflects on some of the key challenges of the farming system, its dynamic and resilience. It also gives an overview on the structure of the book, the origins of the data and the main objective of this publication. 1.1 The Urbanization Challenge Globally, more people are living today in urban as opposed to rural areas. In West Africa, which hosts the megacity of Lagos, the population living in urban areas has increased from only 4% in 1920 to 45% in 2011. The 50% benchmark has been passed in Ghana as in the quickly urbanizing coastal belt of West Africa, while the drier and less populated northern belt of West Africa remains so far mostly rural. For Ghana, a population split of 50.9% urban to 49.1% rural (Table 1.1) has been estimated based on the 2010 census (GSS 2012c).

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Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation

Drechsel¹,

Keraita²

2014

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“…The concentrations of different heavy metals in drinking water and synthetic water are summarized in Table 1. The general ranges of heavy metals present in actual wastewaters were 0.01-0.27mg/L of Zn, 0.17-25 mg/L of Fe, 0.001-3.3mg/L of Cu, 0.001-0.5 mg/L of Pb and 0.02-0.35 of Mn [26][27][28][29]. Table 1 The guideline concentration range of heavy metals in drinking water and synthetic recycled water quality…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of heavy metals in recycled water used for household laundry on quality of cloth and washing machine

Pham

Mainali

Ngo

et al. 2014

Desalination and Water Treatment

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Recycled water for washing clothes saves significant amount of potable water and hence has a great potential for sustainable urban water management. To date, there has been no official acceptance and very rare practice of use of recycled water for household laundry. This study investigates the effects of critical heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) on cloth quality and corrosive/scaling of washing machine to evaluate the feasibility of using recycled water for household laundry. The experimental data can be used for future recycled water quality guidelines. Five representative cloth materials namely polyester, satin, polycotton, denim and organic cotton were selected for washing in tap water and synthetic recycled water which contained different concentrations of heavy metals. Cloth durability, surface morphology and textile colour of washed cloth samples were measured to investigate the effects of heavy metals on quality of fabric. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) was used as the indicator for predicting corrosive/scaling effects on washing machine. The results indicated that quality of fabrics after 50 wash cycles was found no change by recycled water when concentration of Pb and Mn <0.5mg/L, Fe<1mg/L, Cu<5mg/L and Zn<30mg/L. Lower than the about values, the LSI indicated that recycled water would not led to any negative impact on washing machine.

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“…For instance, Odoi et al (2011) concluded that the effluent from manufacturing industries in Cape Coast in Ghana could be the source of the heavy metals (Lead [Pb] and Cadmium [Cd]) and micro-elements (Manganese [Mn], Copper [Cu] and Zinc [Zn]) they identified in the soils within the industrial area. The results of the work of Anim-Gyampo et al (2012) also show that Mn (0.084 mg/L) and Cd (0.105 mg/L) concentrations in low quality water used for irrigation in Tamale in Ghana were higher than the WHO/FAO recommended limits of 0.050 mg/L and 0.003 mg/L respectively ( Anim-Gyampo et al, 2012 ). Similarly, in places such as Kano in Nigeria and Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, Chromium (Cr) has been detected in the effluent from tanneries ( Binns et al, 2003 ; Drechsel and Keraita, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The policy implications of urban open space commercial vegetable farmers’ willingness and ability to pay for reclaimed water for irrigation in Kumasi, Ghana

Amponsah

Vigre

Braimah

et al. 2016

Heliyon

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The acute waste management problems, coupled with the proliferation of small scale industries in many developing countries, make low quality water treatment before use inevitable in the long run. These industries have the potential to discharge effluent containing chemicals and heavy metals into the environment. The indiscriminative use of pharmaceutical products by households in many of these countries is another source of health concern. Low quality water treatment in these countries has however been hampered by the high cost of infrastructure provision and maintenance. Cost-sharing among stakeholders appears to be a promising strategy to finance and maintain the wastewater treatment infrastructure. In this study therefore, the willingness and ability of urban open space commercial vegetable farmers to pay for reclaimed water for irrigation purposes has been assessed. One hundred open space commercial vegetable farmers and four vegetable farmers’ associations were selected and interviewed in Kumasi in Ghana using semi-structured interview schedules and interview guides respectively. The results of the study show that approximately three out of every five vegetable farmers were willing to pay for reclaimed water for irrigation. The results further show that the probability of being willing to pay by farmers who agreed that the current water they used for irrigation was harmful is approximately 5.3 times greater than that of those who did not. The analysis of the farmers’ ability to pay revealed that all the farmers would be capable of paying for reclaimed water at a price of US$0.11/m3. This has implications for land tenure security and vegetable consumers' willingness to pay higher prices for the produce.

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Assessment of Heavy Metals in Waste-Water Irrigated Lettuce in Ghana: The Case of Tamale Municipality

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation

Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation

Effect of heavy metals in recycled water used for household laundry on quality of cloth and washing machine

The policy implications of urban open space commercial vegetable farmers’ willingness and ability to pay for reclaimed water for irrigation in Kumasi, Ghana

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