Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment of Lower Klang River

Mohamad, Irma Noorazurah; Isa, Nurul Nazurah; Ajid, Siti Noor Afifah

doi:10.1007/978-981-16-7920-9_43

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Heavy metals measurement of classroom dust in Kuala Lumpur revealed strong evidence of exposure to several heavy metals among children within the area, with a positive correlation between Cu exposure and respiratory effect ( Tan et al, 2018 ). An indication of environmental exposure can also be gleaned from studies reporting heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Mn) contamination in Kuala Lumpur’s water supply ( Mohamad, Isa & Ajid, 2022 ; Mohd Hasni et al, 2017 ; Kasmuri, 2020 ; Abdul Hamid et al., 2020 ) and ambient air ( Ismail et al, 2019 ; Wahab et al, 2020 ). In the latter studies, the levels of Pb and Cd were greater than the safe level ( Ambient Air Quality Criteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urine manganese, cadmium, lead, arsenic, and selenium among autism spectrum disorder children in Kuala Lumpur

Rafi’i,

Ja’afar,

Abd Wahil

et al. 2024

PeerJ

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Background The development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may stem from exposure to environmental pollutants such as heavy metals. The primary objective of this study is to determine the role of heavy metals of concern such as manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and essential trace element selenium (Se) among ASD children in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Method A total of 155 preschoolers in Kuala Lumpur between the ages 3 to 6 participated in an unmatched case-control study, comprising ASD children (n = 81) recruited from an early intervention program for autism, and 74 children without autism who were recruited from public preschools. Urine samples were collected at home, delivered to the study site, and transported to the environmental lab within 24 hours. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to measure the concentration of heavy metals in the samples. Data were analysed using bivariate statistical tests (Chi-square and T-test) and logistic regression models. Result This study demonstrated that Cd, Pb, and As urine levels were significantly greater in children without autism relative to those affected with ASD (p < 0.05). No significant difference was in the levels of Se (p = 0.659) and Mn (p = 0.875) between children with ASD and the control group. The majority of children in both groups have urine As, Pb, and Cd values lower than 15.1 µg/dL, 1.0 µg/dL, and 1.0 µg/dL, respectively which are the minimal risk values for noncarcinogenic detrimental human health effect due to the heavy metal’s exposure . Factors associated with having an ASD child included being a firstborn, male, and higher parental education levels (adjusted odds ratios (aOR) > 1, p < 0.05). Conclusion Preschoolers in this study demonstrated low levels of heavy metals in their urine samples, which was relatively lower in ASD children compared to the healthy matched controls. These findings may arise from the diminished capacity to excrete heavy metals, especially among ASD children, thereby causing further accumulation of heavy metals in the body. These findings, including the factors associated with having an ASD child, may be considered by healthcare professionals involved in child development care, for early ASD detection. Further assessment of heavy metals among ASD children in the country and interventional studies to develop effective methods of addressing exposure to heavy metals will be beneficial for future reference.

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