Assessment of heavy metal contamination in raw milk for human consumption

Younus, Muhammad; Abbas, Tasawer; Zafar, M.U.; Raza, Sanan; Khan, Aman Ullah; Saleem, AH; Idrees, MA; Nisa, QU; Akhtar, Raheela; Saleem, Gulbeena

doi:10.4314/sajas.v46i2.7

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Apart from contaminating the environment, heavy metals are also consumed in water and feeds that are eaten by food producing animals, which poses health threats to consumers. 121 It was found that the average concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd in raw milk were significantly higher than the International Dairy Federation standards, showing that more active heavy metal surveillance in animal products is required. 121 Similarly, a study from Nigeria showed chicken bone-muscles with concentrations of 28.23 mg/kg for Pb, 16.17 mg/kg for Zn and 4.27 mg/kg for Ni, while chicken brain had the highest levels of Cd and Mg (0.38 and 67.54 mg/kg, respectively).…”

Section: Toxicity Of Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“… 121 It was found that the average concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd in raw milk were significantly higher than the International Dairy Federation standards, showing that more active heavy metal surveillance in animal products is required. 121 Similarly, a study from Nigeria showed chicken bone-muscles with concentrations of 28.23 mg/kg for Pb, 16.17 mg/kg for Zn and 4.27 mg/kg for Ni, while chicken brain had the highest levels of Cd and Mg (0.38 and 67.54 mg/kg, respectively). 122 These results show that both Pb and Cd should be of great concern in Nigeria due to the contamination of meat and vegetables.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>: livestock-associated, antimicrobial, and heavy metal resistance

Dweba¹,

Zishiri²,

Zowalaty³

2018

IDR

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Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen of human and other mammals that is of increasing clinical and veterinary importance due to its ability to rapidly develop antimicrobial resistance. The injudicious use of antibiotics has given rise to the emergence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains, most importantly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The emergence of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) has highlighted the importance of directed research toward its prevention, as well as the need for the discovery and development of more efficient treatment than is currently available. Furthermore, the treatment of MRSA is complicated by the co-selection of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance genes by microorganisms. Livestock and livestock production systems are large reservoirs of heavy metals due to their use in feed as well as environmental contaminant, which has allowed for the selection of LA-MRSA isolates with heavy metal resistance. The World Health Organization reported that Africa has the largest gaps in data on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, with no reports on rates for LA-MRSA harboring heavy metal resistance in South Africa. This review aimed to report the emergence of LA-MRSA in South Africa, specifically the most frequent sequence type ST398, globally. Furthermore, we aimed to highlight the importance of LA-MRSA in clinical and food security, as well as this research gap in South Africa. This review sheds light on the prevalence of heavy metals in livestock farms and abattoirs, and focuses on the phenomenon of the co-selection of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA, emphasizing the importance of a focused direction for research in humans, animals as well as environment using one-health approach.

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Section: Toxicity Of Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Toxicity Of Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>: livestock-associated, antimicrobial, and heavy metal resistance

Dweba¹,

Zishiri²,

Zowalaty³

2018

IDR

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“…As a matter of fact, in the study carried out in order to determine the seasonal (summer and winter) and change of some element levels of 400 milk samples according to their place of origin in Pakistan. Especially Pb levels (0.455 mg / kg in summer; 2.0 mg / kg in winter) at the point of sale and milk obtained in winter were higher than Pb values of samples taken from canal edge farms (0.227 mg / kg in summer; 1.25 mg / kg in winter) (Younus et al, 2016). Among a total of 260 conventional milk samples (130 in summer and 130 in winter) collected from Van province and its surroundings, Pb was found in 189 samples with the mean value of 0.002 ± 0.01 ppm (0.001 -0.007).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Comparison of Heavy Metal Levels of Organic and Conventional Milk and Milk Products in Turkey

Seğmenoğlu

Baydan

2021

Turkish JAF Sci.Tech.

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This study aimed to determine and compare aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) levels in conventional and organic milk, white cheese, and butter samples which are sold in the markets of Turkey. Within the scope of the study, totally 72 samples (36 for organic, and 36 for conventional) were collected, and analyzed between March 2010 and February 2011. After the samples were burned by microwave burning, element measurements were performed on atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) device. As a result of the study, on the 49 samples (29 conventional, 20 organic) of the 72 collected product, element levels were determined above the limit of detection (LOD) (0.02 ppm). Pb and Al were the most common elements above the LOD. However, milk samples with a Pb level above the LOD still remained below the limit reported by the Turkish Food Codex Regulation for Contaminants. Since Turkish Food Codex Regulation does not have legal limits for Al, As, Cd and Pb for dairy products (cheese and butter), it was accepted as safe in terms of Al, As, Cd and Pb according to food limits in Turkish Food Codex and ADI values of FAO / WHO.

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“…Moreover, several metals have emerged as human carcinogens (Farahmandkia et al, ed with metals, drinking water from contaminated sources and even the dust that settles on the grass that the animal consumes (Amponsah, 2014). The presence of heavy metals in various farm inputs, including feed, fertilizer, water and environment leads to excretion of the residues in animal's milk (Younus et al, 2016). Heavy metals accumulate in tissues of dairy animals and ultimately excrete in milk because of their non-biodegradable and persistent nature (Burger and Elbin, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Analysis of Toxic Metals in Buffalo Milk Samples from Mumbai Suburban Region by ICP-AES

Kambli¹,

Sole²,

Garud³

et al. 2019

JAHP

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Presence of metals in air, water, soil, and food is due to natural as well as anthropogenic activities (Beiger and Jernelov, 1986). Some heavy metals like Cu, Fe and Zn are essential to maintain proper metabolic activity in living organisms; others like Pb and Cd are non-essential and have no biological role (Qin et al., 2009). However, at high concentrations, even essential metals also cause toxicity to living organisms (Li et al., 2005).The metals present in the milk are a result of exposure of the animal to certain factors like eating grass contaminat- Research ArticleAbstract | Presence of heavy metals in milk, particularly the non-essential ones poses a great risk to both animal and human health. Industrialization, construction, vehicle dust, heavy use of pesticides are some of the major pathways through which these metals gain access into the food chain, and eventually into the milk. The present study was conducted to determine the concentration of heavy metals in buffalo milk, owing to its high consumption in the country. Fresh, raw buffalo's milk samples, total 100 in number were collected from different dairy farms in Mumbai suburbs. After collection, the sample were immediately kept in the freezer (-20˚C) and later processed by acid digestion method using 65% HNO3 and HClO4. Using Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (ICP-AES), concentration of As (Arsenic), Hg (Mercury), Pb (Lead) and Cd (Cadmium) were evaluated. The results showed high levels of lead and mercury in Borivali (p<0.05)and Bhiwandi (p<0.01) region respectively. The positive values confirm presence of these toxic metals in the surrounding environment. However, no significant levels (p>0.05) of these metals were found in the water which is considered as the most common source of exposure. Also, no correlation was found between levels of heavy metals and its effect on milk yield. These results demonstrated that milk produced in the vicinity of Mumbai is contaminated with heavy metals lead and mercury; moreover environmental pollution could be a potential source of heavy metal contamination in raw milk.

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Assessment of heavy metal contamination in raw milk for human consumption

Cited by 19 publications

References 7 publications

Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>: livestock-associated, antimicrobial, and heavy metal resistance

Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>: livestock-associated, antimicrobial, and heavy metal resistance

Comparison of Heavy Metal Levels of Organic and Conventional Milk and Milk Products in Turkey

Quantitative Analysis of Toxic Metals in Buffalo Milk Samples from Mumbai Suburban Region by ICP-AES

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