Assessment of Heavy Metal Amounts of Spinach Plants (<i>Spinach Oleracea</i> L.) Grown on Cd and Chicken Manure Applied Soil Conditions

Abstract

Although some plants accumulate excessive metal and can grow without any toxic symptoms, the consumption of these plants by humans can be extremely inconvenient for their health. Increasing doses of Cd (0, 10, and 20 mg kg-1 Cd) and chicken manure (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 kg da-1) were applied to the soil to evaluate the effects of cadmium and chicken manure on growth of spinach (Spinach oleracea L.) leaves and roots and on some heavy metal concentrations. Cadmium decreased the dry weight amounts of spinach both in leaves and in roots, decreased the amounts of Cd and also other heavy metals. The highest cadmium concentrations were determined at the second dose as 75.04 mg kg-1 in leaves, and 162.17 mg kg-1 in roots. Improved dry weight and decreased Cr, Pb, and Fe amounts were determined with chicken manure application. However it was not found proficient to decrease Cd which was found over the limits of WHO. Because of being highly toxic to humans, health-related limits of cadmium in soils, and in plants consumed by humans have to be carefully controlled in such conditions and the threshold limits must be changed.

Investigation of Some of the Bioactive Chemicals and the Elemental Profile of Monumental Plane Trees in the Abana-Harmason Region

“…The high levels of pyruvic acid in the youngest and mature planes may be due both to the trees being exposed to lighter conditions due to their open surroundings [37,52,54] and to their growth rate being higher than that of the older trees , and 5018 ppm, respectively) were found in the first monumental tree >600 years old, the highest Mg content was found in a ≥150-year-old plane tree (3607 ppm), and the highest Ca content (35600 ppm) occurred in a tree aged ≥75 years (Table 4). Micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo, Cu, and Mo are important for cellular redox function and enzyme activity because they are components of the active sites of specific enzymes that play a significant role in metabolic reactions to increase resistance to environmental conditions [38,58,61,63]. In this study, the amount of Na ranged from 2280 to 3060 ppm; the amount of Cl ranged from 5716 to 6942 ppm; the amount of Fe ranged from 438 to 603.4 ppm; the amount of Mn ranged from 77.70 to 86.4 ppm; the amount of Zn ranged from 19.6 to 29.0 ppm; the amount of Ni ranged from 29.9 to 32.5 ppm, and the amount of Cu ranged from 10.3 to 16.4 ppm (Table 5).…”

“…P are also among the most abundant of the other macronutrient found in plants[59,62,64]. Moreover, many studies have shown that the most abundant elements occurring as micronutrients in plant tissues are Fe, Mn, Zn, Cl, Ni, C, and Mo ions[63,64]. Liu et al[65] investigated the change of nutrient elements in green and aged leaves of 172 plant species, including 34 bush formations and 37 broad-leaf forest trees.…”