Assessment of Heavy and Toxic Metals in the Blood and Hair of Saudi Arabia Smokers Using Modern Analytical Techniques

Abstract

Epidemiological studies on the heavy and toxic metal content in the human blood and hair of some smokers from Saudi Arabia were carried out by modern analytical techniques. The levels of some selected heavy and toxic metals (e.g.; Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Se, Mn, Zn, Ni, and Cr) were determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). Prior to the analysis, the blood and hair samples of Saudi Arabia smokers were collected, treated, and digested by microwave digestion system. The number of cigarettes per day as well as the smoking period was taken in consideration in this study. The tested elements concentrations in the investigated smoker blood and hair samples were compared with those obtained from some nonsmoking control samples. The samples were collected from the psychiatric hospital in Taif city after issuing the ethical committee license in this regard. The results obtained from this study represent a very important guide for the antismoking organizations. The assessment of some side effects of the smoking in such studies presents vital challenge for the social antismoking authorities and the stakeholder governments to attain the sustainable investment for their people.

A review: Analytical methods for heavy metals determination in environment and human samples

“…Prior to the analysis, the blood and hair samples of Saudi Arabia smokers were collected, treated, and digested by microwave digestion system. The validation measurement of ICP-AES was performed using working calibration solutions of the investigated toxic heavy metal ions (Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Se, Mn, Zn, Ni, and Cr) [155]. Kaiser, Zheng and Feng was introduced a novel two-dimensional polymers synthesis with nano size in water which was different application such as heavy metal removal.…”

“…Heavy metals and toxic metal effect in blood and hair of some smokers was determined by modern analytical techniques. The levels of Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Se, Mn, Zn, Ni, and Cr were determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) [36]. A review procedure based on heavy metal analyzing in soil was developed with sequential extraction by Zimmerman et al in 2010.…”

Risk assessment and evaluation of heavy metals concentrations in blood samples of plastic industry workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh

“…As the difference between these two groups (smoker and non-smoker) is negligible and the p-value is 0.553 implies there exists no significant association between smoking status and concentration of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn. Some fluctuations of heavy metal concentration in each individual workers come from the variety of related parameters of the human subjects, namely environment, food, age, culture, and habits [ 21 , 33 ].…”

“…Assessments of toxic heavy metals content have performed in smoker blood samples of three different age groups (≤25, 26–40, and >40 years) in Taif city, Saudi Arabia. The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Hg, Mn, Zn, Cr, and Ni in blood samples of these three groups were 1.8, 23.2, 2.8, 6.5, 4288, 179, and 164.5, μgL −1 , respectively [ 21 ]. Generally, the assessment is carried out based on different sets of categories (occupation, sex, food, drink and smoking habits, age groups etc.)…”

ICP-OES: An Advance Tool in Biological Research

“…Several diagnostic and therapeutic studies of health issues for instance decline in the immunological effi ciency, cardiac disorders, fetal abnormalities, gastrointestinal cancer, redox reactions; cellular energetic and abnormal neurological activity patterns are also required to quantify the accumulation of trace metal in biological tissues [2]. The study of metals is an essential part of research in genetics, environmental toxicology, bioremediation, host-parasite relationship, nanotechnology, microbiology, structural biology, cytology, physiology, biomedicines and clinical biology.…”