Assessment of Gestational Age and Development at Birth

Lubchenco, Lula O.

doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(16)32381-1

Cited by 154 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…All children were born at term (between 37th and 42nd weeks of gestation). Those with a birth weight above 90th percentile for gestational age were accepted as LGA and those with a birth weight between 10 and 90th percentile for gestational age as AGA (16). Lubchenco curves (16) are used in neonatal practice in our country and the curves are validated for Turkish children.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin levels are decreased in non-obese prepubertal children born large for gestational age

Darendelıler¹,

Poyrazoğlu²,

Baş³

et al. 2009

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Background: Ghrelin is the natural ligand of GH secretagogue receptor. It has several metabolic functions including regulation of food intake, energy homeostasis, and body weight. An inverse relationship between fasting plasma ghrelin and insulin concentrations has been shown. Being born large for gestational age (LGA) has an increased risk of developing insulin resistance. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate ghrelin levels in LGA born children who have no obesity at prepubertal ages and the effect of intrauterine and postnatal growth on ghrelin levels. Patients and methods: Thirty-two (17F, 15M) LGA born non-obese children (mean (GS.E.M.) age 4.4G0.3 years) were evaluated with respect to glucose, insulin, and ghrelin levels. Their data were compared with that of non-obese 45 (19F, 26M) appropriate for gestational age (AGA) children (mean (GS.E.M.) age 4.0G0.1 years). Results: LGA children, who had similar age and body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) as AGA children, had significantly higher insulin (PZ0.044) and at a borderline significance higher homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance levels (PZ0.054) than AGA children. Ghrelin level was significantly lower in LGA born than AGA born children (PZ0.001) even after controlling for age, sex, and BMI (PZ0.006). There were no differences between genders in insulin and ghrelin levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that birth weight was the only significant parameter influencing ghrelin levels (R

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin levels are decreased in non-obese prepubertal children born large for gestational age

Darendelıler¹,

Poyrazoğlu²,

Baş³

et al. 2009

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Frequency matching was used to achieve balanced samples within the groups of GDM and control mothers. Children were matched for LGA (birth weight Ͼ90th percentile for gestational age) or AGA (birth weight between the 10th and 90th percentiles for gestational age 19 ) status. Birth weight was obtained from the medical records.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood: Association With Birth Weight, Maternal Obesity, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

et al. 2005

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ABSTRACT. Objective. Childhood obesity has contributed to an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (MS) among children. Intrauterine exposure to diabetes and size at birth are risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus, but their association with MS in childhood has not been demonstrated. We examined the development of MS among large-forgestational-age (LGA) and appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) children.Study Design. The major components of MS (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance) were evaluated in a longitudinal cohort study of children at age 6, 7, 9, and 11 years who were LGA (n ‫؍‬ 84) or AGA (n ‫؍‬ 95) offspring of mothers with or without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The cohort consisted of 4 groups, ie, LGA offspring of control mothers, LGA offspring of mothers with GDM, AGA offspring of control mothers, and AGA offspring of mothers with GDM. Biometric and anthropometric measurements were obtained at 6, 7, 9, and 11 years. Biochemical testing included measurements of postprandial glucose and insulin levels and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels at 6 and 7 years and of fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol levels at 9 and 11 years. We defined the components of MS as (1) obesity (BMI >85th percentile for age), (2) diastolic or systolic blood pressure >95th percentile for age, (3) postprandial glucose level >140 mg/dL or fasting glucose level >110 mg/dL, (4) triglyceride level >95th percentile for age, and (5) HDL level <5th percentile for age.Results. There were no differences in baseline characteristics (gender, race, socioeconomic status, and maternal weight gain during pregnancy) for the 4 groups except for birth weight, but there was a trend toward a higher prevalence of maternal obesity before pregnancy in the LGA/GDM group. Obesity (BMI >85th percentile) at 11 years was present in 25% to 35% of the children, but rates were not different between LGA and AGA offspring. There was a trend toward a higher incidence of insulin resistance, defined as a fasting glucose/insulin ratio of <7, in the LGA/GDM group at 11 years. Analysis of insulin resistance at 11 years in a multivariate logistic regression revealed that childhood obesity and the combination of LGA status and maternal GDM were associated with insulin resistance, with odds ratios of 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-11.9) and 10.4 (95% CI: 1.5-74.4), respectively. The prevalence at any time of >2 components of MS was 50% for the LGA/GDM group, which was significantly higher than values for the LGA/ control group (29%), AGA/GDM group (21%), and AGA/ control group (18%). The prevalence of >3 components of MS at age 11 was 15% for the LGA/GDM group, compared with 3.0% to 5.3% for the other groups. Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the independent hazard (risk) of developing MS attributable to birth weight, gender, maternal prepregnancy obesity, and GDM. For Cox analyses, we defined MS as >2 of the following 4 components: obes...

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“…Low birthweight infants who were of appropriate weight for gestational age were divided into three groups, <1 kg, 1-1.50 kg, 1.51-2.1 kg. Infants who were small for gestational age were placed in a fourth group regardless of birthweight (16). Blood samples were also obtained from the placenta or umbilical cords of newborns and repeated by heel puncture on the third postnatal day at the time of phenylketonuria testing for the term infants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal physiologic hypercholemia in both premature and full-term infants.

Barnes¹,

Berkowitz²,

Hirschowitz³

et al. 1981

J. Clin. Invest.

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A B S T R A C T Previous studies have shown that bile salt concentrations in human blood taken from the placenta at birth ofterm infants are in the range found in adults. A 1251-radioimmunoassay procedure and capillary gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry have been used in this investigation to measure serum bile salt concentrations in premature and normal term infants. It was found that the serum bile salt concentration in samples taken at birth in premature infants were also similar to that of adults. In the week after birth the serum bile salt concentration rose four-to sevenfold in each of the infant groups. The increase was independent of gestational age and the "health" of the child. A similar increase was observed in term infants. Thus, hypercholemia is physiologic in newborn infants. In conjunction with other abnormalities of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts there are profound implications in the newborn for the metabolism and excretion of those endogenous and exogenous substances that are dependent on the secretion of bile salt by the liver. In addition, speculations concerning the role of parenteral nutrition in the induction of cholestasis in premature infants should be made with caution.

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Assessment of Gestational Age and Development at Birth

Cited by 154 publications

References 12 publications

Ghrelin levels are decreased in non-obese prepubertal children born large for gestational age

Ghrelin levels are decreased in non-obese prepubertal children born large for gestational age

Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood: Association With Birth Weight, Maternal Obesity, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Postnatal physiologic hypercholemia in both premature and full-term infants.

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