Assessment of genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of an aqueous extract of Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala in in vitro and in vivo models

Abstract

Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala, an edible fruit found in Northern Thailand, contains high amounts of phenolic compounds with in vitro antioxidant activity. The aqueous extract of the ripe fruit was evaluated for its safety and beneficial effects using genotoxicity and toxicity tests. The C. nervosum extract was not only non-mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence and absence of metabolic activation, but exhibited also moderate antimutagenic effects against aflatoxin B1 and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-induced mutagenesis. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric analysis revealed the major anthocyanins, which included cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-5-glucoside. The administration of C. nervosum at concentration of 5,000 mg/kg bw did not induce acute toxicity in rats. A liver micronucleus test was performed to detect clastogenicity and anticlastogenicity. The extract in the dose of 1,000 mg/kg did not cause micronucleus formation in the liver of rats. Furthermore, in rats administered 100–1,000 mg/kg of the extract, no anticlastogenic effect against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic micronucleus formation was observed. These studies provide data concerning the safety and antimutagenic potency of an aqueous extract of C. nervosum fruit.

Cleistocalyx nervosum Extract Ameliorates Chemical-Induced Oxidative Stress in Early Stages of Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis

“…Anthocyanins found in fruits and vegetables have been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-cancer activities. The main anthocyanins in C nervosum extract were cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3, 5-diglucoside and cyanidin-5-glucoside (Charoensin et al, 2012). Cyanidin-3-glucoside had anti-tumor activity against gastric adenocarcinoma cells (Sun et al, 2012), decreased in vitro invasiveness of a human lung cancer cell line (Chen et al, 2006) and suppressed neoplastic cell transformation by directly targeting phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (Song et al, 2012).…”

“…It has been reported that the percent yield by weight of CE is 8.48% of the fresh C nervosum pulp. Moreover, the major component in CE is cyanidin-3-glucoside at 85.5±16.5 mg/g CE (Charoensin, et al, 2012).…”

“…It contains high amounts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. The aqueous extract of C nervosum has been shown to have antimutagenic effects (Charoensin et al, 2012). In a previous report, the ethanol extract of C nervosum decreased lipid peroxidation and increased glutathione peroxidase activity in rats (Thuschana et al, 2012).…”

Mutagenicity and Antimutagenicity of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Extracts of Thai Northern Purple Rice

“…This study has shown that the major chemical constituents in the methanol extract were phenolic acid and flavonoids. In addition, the antimutagenicity of the methanol extract of rice seed was correlated with the anthocyanin content, especially cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside, which possess antimutagenic activity (Charoensin et al, 2012). Based on these findings, we consider the anthocyanins to be the antimutagenic compounds in purple rice seed.…”

Functional properties and Bioactivities of Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala berry plant: a review

“…Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala is one of the least documented medicinal plant, which is widely grown in the northern parts of Thailand (Thongma, 2002) and is known to possess immense health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-aging properties (Charoensin et al, 2012;Onboot et al, 2012;Taya et al, 2009;Manosroi et al, 2015;Sukprasansap et al, 2017). C. nervosum var.…”