Assessment of Framingham Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Militaries in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Al-Dahi, Salem K; Al-Khashan, Hesham I.; Madeer, Mohamed Abdullah Mashhour Al; Al-Saif, Khaled; Al-Amri, Mohamed Dhafer Salih; Alghamdi, Othman Ali; Al-Helali, Nabil S.; Selim, Mustafa I.; Mishriky, Adel M.

doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00079

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A detailed methodology of the main survey has previously been reported. [ 21 ] The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 10,500 military personnel of any rank serving in the Saudi Armed Forces during the time of the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of smoking and its associated factors among military personnel in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A national study

Al-Khashan¹,

Sabaan²,

Nasser³

et al. 2014

J Fam Community Med

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Aim:The aim was to measure the prevalence of smoking and identify its potential predictors among military personnel in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study was carried out among military personnel in the five military regions of KSA between January 2009 and January 2011. The sample of 10,500 military personnel in the Saudi Armed Forces was equally divided among the five regions with a ratio 3:7 for officers and soldiers. A multistage stratified random sampling was used to recruit participants in the four services of the armed forces in the five regions. Information on sociodemographic characteristics with a detailed history of smoking was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Bivariate analysis was used to identify the factors associated with smoking, and multiple logistic regression analysis to discover its potential predictors.Results:About 35% of the sample was current smokers, with higher rates among soldiers. The eastern region had the highest rate (43.0%), and the southern region the lowest (27.5%). Navy personnel had a higher risk of being current smokers (40.6%), and the air defense the lowest risk (31.0%). Multivariate analysis identified working in the navy, and low income as positive predictors of current smoking, while residing in the southern region, older age, years of education, being married, and having an officer rank were negative (protective) factors.Conclusion:Smoking is prevalent among military personnel in KSA, with higher rates in the Navy and Air Force, among privates, younger age group, lower education and income, and divorced/widowed status. Measures should be taken to initiate programs on smoking cessation that involve changes in the environment that is likely to promote this habit.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of smoking and its associated factors among military personnel in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A national study

Al-Khashan¹,

Sabaan²,

Nasser³

et al. 2014

J Fam Community Med

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“…The Framingham heart study, conducted by Al Humaidi, in Abha province, KSA, have reported a mean risk of 8.9% for developing coronary artery disease [29]. Another recent study that was conducted among the military population, which were expected to have higher fitness level, revealed that one-tenth of the participants had a 10-year CVD risk of ≥10%, with a mean risk of 4.5% [30]. However, the probability of 10 year-CVD risk based on the FRS and its association with sedentary life style in the general Saudi population remains largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedentary lifestyle and Framingham risk scores: a population-based study in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia

AlQuaiz

Siddiqui

Kazi

et al. 2019

BMC Cardiovasc Disord

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Background Studies from Saudi Arabia have reported a continued increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and their associated risk factors. The objective of this study was to measure the gender differences in the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk based on Framingham risk scores (FRS) and to explore the association of FRS with sedentary life style including physical inactivity, sitting time and central obesity among Saudi adults. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 2997 Saudi adults (males = 968, females = 2029) selected from 18 primary health care centres in Riyadh city, from December 2014 to August 2015. A detailed interview that evaluated lifestyle and past medical history was conducted; furthermore, anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected for lipid profiling. The FRS were calculated based on the age, gender, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, total blood cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein levels. These scores were categorized into low risk (FRS < 10) and high/intermediate risk (≥10). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. Results The mean (±SD) age of the males and females was 43.1(±11.7) vs 43.8(±10.9) years ( p = 0.07), respectively. The number of Saudi male participants with intermediate-to-high FRS scores (≥10) was almost twice that of females (males 33% vs 17%). The multivariable logistic regression model after adjusting for education level and housing type, found that low physical activity (aOR & 95%CI for males 2.91 (1.45, 5.80); females 1.38 (1.06, 1.81); prolonged sitting time (aOR &95%CI for males 1.36 (0.98, 1.90) females 1.58 (1.20, 2.07), high central obesity (defined as waist circumference in males > 102 cms, and females > 88 cms) (aOR & 95%CI for males 2.38 (1.67, 3.41); females 3.35 (1.92, 5.87) were associated with high/ intermediate risk for CVD. Conclusions A significant percentage of Saudi population revealed FRS ≥10. Females beyond the age of 50 were found to have a higher prevalence for CVD risk compared with males of the same age group. Modifiable risk factors like low physical activity, prolonged sitting time and central obesity have strong implications for primary prevention and management services that can change the risk profile of the Saudi population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12872-019-1048-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…This is believed to result from multiple factors including rapid socioeconomic development, lifestyle changes, urbanization and ageing [5 -7]. The prevalence of CVD in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been reported to be at 5% [6]. A 2014 National Survey revealed that 15.2% of Saudis are hypertensive and 40% were borderline hypertensive [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Determinants of Dyslipidemia: Data from a Saudi University Clinic

Al-Hassan¹,

Fabella²,

Estrella³

et al. 2018

TOPHJ

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Background: Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The relationship between demographic factors and dyslipidemia in Saudi Arabia is not completely explored. Objectives: This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the lipid profile, determine the proportion and identify significant demographic determinants of dyslipidemia among patients who have undergone lipid profile analysis in a university multispecialty clinic. Methods: The results of lipid profile examination of 1,541 King Faisal University clinic patients from 1 April, 2014 to 7 March, 2016 were compiled and subjected to descriptive and analytical statistics using STATA MP version 14. Multivariable logistic regression model using Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was fitted to analyze the independent predictors of dyslipidemia. Results: The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, and hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia were 13.8%, 17.0%, 40.0% 12.85%, respectively. Logistic regression revealed that in comparison with those who were 20 years old and below, those who were between the age of 40-49 years were 4.5 times more likely to have hypercholesterolemia and 3.5 times more likely to have hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia. Similarly, those who were 30-39 years old were 4.3 times and 3 times more likely to have hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, respectively. The same stage group was 3 times more likely to develop hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia. Females were 1.4 times more like to have hypercholesterolemia; non-Saudis were nearly twice as likely to develop hypertriglyceridemia than Saudis. Conclusion: Hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia was the most prevalent form of dyslipidemia. Age, gender and nationality were significant determinants of specific types of dyslipidemia.

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Assessment of Framingham Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Militaries in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Cited by 20 publications

References 33 publications

The prevalence of smoking and its associated factors among military personnel in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A national study

The prevalence of smoking and its associated factors among military personnel in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A national study

Sedentary lifestyle and Framingham risk scores: a population-based study in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia

Prevalence and Determinants of Dyslipidemia: Data from a Saudi University Clinic

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