Assessment of environmental tobacco smoke exposure of Finnish restaurant workers, using 3-ethenylpyridine as marker

Kuusimäki, Leea; Peltonen, Kimmo; Vainiotalo, Sinikka

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00487.x

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Smokers were also more frequent in bars, which confirms that smokers are indeed the main source of PM 2.5 in such establishments. Our results are comparable to other studies (Bolte et al, 2008;Cenko et al, 2004;Kuusimaki et al, 2007;Nebot et al, 2005;Schneider et al, 2008) that also found the highest concentrations in bars (and discotheques), followed by restaurants, and this in similar concentration ranges.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 95%

Contribution of fine particulate matter sources to indoor exposure in bars, restaurants, and cafes

2010

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Smokers and ambient air pollution are the most important sources of fine airborne particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in the non-smoking sections of bars, restaurants, and cafes. Other sources do not significantly contribute to PM(2.5)-levels, while opening doors and windows is not an efficient means of removing pollutants. First, this demonstrates the impact that even a few smokers can have in affecting particle levels. Second, it implies that creating non-smoking sections, and using natural ventilation, is not sufficient to bring PM(2.5) to levels that imply no harm for employees and non-smoking clients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 95%

Contribution of fine particulate matter sources to indoor exposure in bars, restaurants, and cafes

2010

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“…(17) Nicotine and 3-EP were desorbed from the sampling tubes with ethyl acetate containing 0.01% triethylamine with quinoline as the internal standard, and they were analyzed by a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). (18) The method detection limit (MDL) levels for 3-EP and nicotine were 0.2 and 0.1 µg/m 3 , respectively.…”

Section: Sampling Of Ets Tracersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal and Leakage of Environmental Tobacco Smoke from a Model Smoking Room

Wan

Chan

et al. 2010

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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Experimental studies on the removal of accumulated environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the effectiveness of ETS leakage control were carried out in a model smoking room using carbon monoxide, nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, respirable suspended particulates, and ultrafine particles (UFP) as the ETS tracers. The study investigated the effectiveness of the designated smoking room, equipped with a displacement ventilation system under different ventilation rates (10-58 L/sec per person,) in removing the ETS tracers. The extent of ETS leakage through different door operating scenarios under various ventilation rates was intensively studied. In particular, a manikin installed on a motorized rail was used to study the effect of human movement on the leakage of the ETS tracers. A double-door anteroom design was incorporated into the smoking room to study its effectiveness in ETS leakage prevention. It shows that at least 5 Pa of negative pressure, a fresh air supply rate 3-5 times higher than a typical office, direct air exhaust without air recirculation, and keeping the door closed are important for reducing ETS leakage. However, with the smokers moving in and out and the opening of the door, noticeable leakage of ETS can occur. The double-door anteroom design can improve leakage prevention. Among the five tracers, nicotine required the longest purging time to remove, after the smoking activity was stopped in the smoking room, due to its highly sorptive property. At least 4.4-6 hr of purging is needed for minimizing ETS exposure by non-smokers entering the smoking room. The peak size of particulate matter inside the smoking room is about 80-100 nm, suggesting the importance of including UFP as an indicator for monitoring the exposure and leakage of ETS. The impact of manikin movement on contaminant transport was studied, providing useful information on the effects of human activities on indoor air quality multicompartmental modeling.

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“…Vainiotalo et al [22] reported that mean concentrations of 3-EP in smoking environments ranged from 1.3 to 5.3 µg m −3 , although no 3-EP was detected in non-smoking rooms. In another study, Kuusimäki et al [23] compared nicotine and 3-EP levels in smoking and non-smoking areas using passive sampling. The median concentrations of the discussed compounds were 1.5 and 11 µg m −3 for 3-EP and nicotine, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of nicotine and 3-vinylpyridine in single cigarette tobacco smoke and in indoor air using direct extraction to solid phase

Koszowski

Goniewicz

Czogała

et al. 2009

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

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The aim of the present study was to develop a new analytical method of chromatographic determination of two important markers of ETS exposure: nicotine and 3-vinylpyridine (3-ethenylpyridine, 3-EP) in mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke of one single cigarette and in indoor air using direct solid phase extraction combined with gas chromatography. The method can be utilised for both nicotine and 3-EP determination in SS and MS of one single cigarette as well as it allows for a precise determination of compound distribution in indoor air. The application of the same analytical method for both kinds of samples allows anticipating indoor air distribution of both analysed compounds in a very precise way. The precision of the method (calculated as a relative standard deviation) was 9.78% for nicotine and 2.67% for 3-EP; whereas the accuracy (evaluated by a recovery study conducted at three different levels) was 70.1 and 87.3%, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.06 µg per cigarette for both nicotine and 3-EP. The method was evaluated by determining the compounds of interest in two commercially available brands of cigarettes as well as in the reference cigarettes 3R4F and also in indoor air polluted with tobacco smoke. Determined levels of compounds of interest in MS varied from 586 to 772 (nicotine) µg per cigarette and from 3.5 to 10.7 (3-EP) µg per cigarette. In SS smoke the level varied from 14,370 to 22,590 (nicotine) µg per cigarette and from 185 to 550 (3-EP) µg per cigarette, whereas levels in indoor air polluted with tobacco smoke varied from 50.1 to 157.3 (nicotine) µg m−3 and from 7.7 to 20.8 (3-EP) µg m−3.

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Assessment of environmental tobacco smoke exposure of Finnish restaurant workers, using 3-ethenylpyridine as marker

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Contribution of fine particulate matter sources to indoor exposure in bars, restaurants, and cafes

Contribution of fine particulate matter sources to indoor exposure in bars, restaurants, and cafes

Removal and Leakage of Environmental Tobacco Smoke from a Model Smoking Room

Simultaneous determination of nicotine and 3-vinylpyridine in single cigarette tobacco smoke and in indoor air using direct extraction to solid phase

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