Assessment of environmental risks from atmospheric air pollution in industrially developed regions of Ukraine

Abstract

Currently, atmospheric pollution is one of the main causes of premature mortality in the world. The problem is especially relevant for economically underdeveloped countries, in particular Ukraine, the economy of which has been developing for a long time in an extensive way. The complicated socio-ecological situation in the territory of the country is due, first of all, to insufficient financing of the medical industry and environmental protection, outdated technologies in industries, etc. The purpose of the study is to assess the environmental risks of atmospheric air pollution in industrialized regions of Ukraine. Kharkiv and Dnipro regions, which are part of the Donetsk-Prydnistrovsky economic macro-district, a powerful center of metallurgy and machine-building of the national level, were selected for the study. As part of the study, the ambient air condition was assessed from the point of view of sanitary-hygienic norms in compliance with state environmental standards as well as the risks of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects from atmospheric pollution.Regional monitoring data on average annual concentrations of common pollutants and heavy metals in the atmospheric air of the cities of Kharkiv and Dnipro regions were used in calculations, averaged over the period from 2014 to 2016. The results of calculations have shown that the total non-carcinogenic risk from atmospheric air pollution in all studied cities exceeds the permissible level: Dnipro – 19.8 HQ; Kamianske– 23.3 HQ; Kryviy Rig – 19.3 HQ; Kharkiv – 11.9 HQ. The pollutants: PM2.5, copper, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, manganese and phenol mostly contribute to the greatest non-carcinogenic risk. The dominance of these chemicals and elements in the structure of pollution in the studied cities leads to high probability of development of harmful effects in the respiratory organs – 11.1 to 22.3 HQ; cardiovascular system – 2.9 to 12.3 HQ; immune system – 1.7 to 4.7 HQ; eyes – 0.8 to 4 HQ; central nervous system – 1,4 to 4,6 HQ. The risk of carcinogenic effects is calculated for substances with proven carcinogenic effects: formaldehyde, nickel, cadmium, lead and chromium. The obtained carcinogenic risk from atmospheric air pollution within the studied cities falls into two categories: conventionally acceptable level of risk and acceptable level of risk. The greatest carcinogenic danger is from pollution of atmospheric air by chromium. Contribution of chromium to total carcinogenic risk ranges from 53.6 to 90.6%. Taking into account the obtained results, it is expedient to include the assessment of the risks to the population’s health in the system of monitoring and control of the environment in Ukraine.

Longitudinal Trends of the Annual Exposure to PM2.5 Particles in European Countries

“…e increasing trend of PM 2.5 in Ukraine also was reported in a study by Nekos et al during the period of 2014 to 2016 [24].…”

“…The increasing longitudinal trends of PM 2.5-10 and PM 2.5 concentrations in Chernivtsi (Ukraine) from 2013 to 2014 were approved in the study of Lanzinger et al Their study showed that there was a positive association between the concentration of PM particles and cardiovascular disease mortality [ 23 ]. The increasing trend of PM 2.5 in Ukraine also was reported in a study by Nekos et al during the period of 2014 to 2016 [ 24 ].…”

Justification of theoretical and methodological aspects of using the tools of system analysis to ensure the protection of atmospheric air

“…Air pollution is a global environmental problem, which scientists began to actively investigate in the late 1950s. As a result, scientists have proven a close relationship between air pollution and mortality from lungs, cardiovascular and other diseases [3]. Moreover, recent scientific works prove the existence of a synergistic effect between the action of certain pollutants and manifestations of climate change, and enhance the negative impact of each other on the human body [4,5].…”

International Law in the Field of Transboundary Environmental Pollution: Status, Problems and Prospects

“…Имеется достаточное количество исследований, подтверждающих необходимость снижения порога ПДК в несколько раз при одновременном действии нескольких факторов экологической опасности (например, при шумовом, радиационном и химическом загрязнении). Кроме того, значения ПДК загрязняющих веществ в пределах нормы зачастую не коррелируют с безопасными уровнями развития канцерогенных и неканцерогенных эффектов у населения, которые устанавливаются по другим методикам оценки экологических рисков [21]. Исходя из этого, целесообразным является установление в международном праве акцента при оценке ущерба на экологических рисках для экосистем и населения вместо приоритетного соблюдения нормативов вроде ПДК.…”