“…In the literature, single, dual, multiple, contingent, outsourcing, and backup sourcing have been the subject of many studies (He et al, 2020;Ivanov, 2017;Li et al, 2017Li et al, , 2021Namdar et al, 2018;Niu et al, 2019;Thomas & Mahanty, 2020;Wang & Yu, 2020). Each strategy has strengths and weaknesses in terms of cost, lead time, and resilience (Aldrighetti et al, 2023).…”