Assessment of efficient sampling designs for urban stormwater monitoring

Leecaster, Molly; Schiff, Kenneth; Tiefenthaler, Liesl L.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00353-0

Cited by 63 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Between 10 and 15 discrete grab samples were collected per storm at approximately 30-to 60-minute intervals for each site-event based on optimal sampling frequencies in southern California described by Leecaster et al (2001).…”

Section: Sampling and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels and patterns of fecal indicator bacteria in stormwater runoff from homogenous land use sites and urban watersheds

Tiefenthaler

Stein

Schiff

2010

Journal of Water and Health

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Routine stormwater monitoring programs focus on quantification of average fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentration at the terminal watershed discharge point. While important for permit compliance, such monitoring provides little insight into relative bacteria levels from different land use types or the mechanisms that influence FIB concentrations. The goal of this study was to quantify the relative levels and flux patterns of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and total coliforms from representative land use (LU) types. Bacteria concentrations were measured over the entire storm duration from 8 different LU types over 13 storm events in 5 southern California watersheds during the 2000-2005 storm seasons. In addition, runoff samples were collected from 8 bottom of the watershed mass emission (ME) sites. Intra-storm and intra-season patterns were investigated in order to identify mechanisms that influence patterns of FIB concentrations.Mean FIB event mean concentrations (EMCs) at LU sites ranged from 10 3 to 10 5 MPN/100 ml.Recreational (horse stables) LU sites contributed significantly higher storm EMCs than other LU types. Early season storms repeatedly produced higher EMCs than comparably sized late season storms. For most storms sampled, the highest bacterial concentrations occurred during the early phases of stormwater runoff with peak concentrations usually preceding peak flow.

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Section: Sampling and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels and patterns of fecal indicator bacteria in stormwater runoff from homogenous land use sites and urban watersheds

Tiefenthaler

Stein

Schiff

2010

Journal of Water and Health

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“…Moreover, TOC can reflect the true distribution of organic pollutants in the water column because of the strong affiliation of hydrophobic chemicals with organic matter. As a result, the effectiveness of sampling designs seems to be better assessed by TOC than SPM, although SPM was also used to examine the efficiency of sampling designs elsewhere (Leecaster et al 2002). …”

Section: Effectiveness Of Minimum Sample Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of sampling designs to measure riverine fluxes from the Pearl River Delta, China to the South China Sea

Luo

et al. 2007

Environ Monit Assess

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The Pearl River Delta (PRD), located in South China and adjacent to the South China Sea, is comprised of a complicated hydrological system; therefore, it was a great challenge to sample adequately to measure fluxes of organic and inorganic materials to the coastal ocean. In this study, several sampling designs, including five-point (the number of sampling points along the river cross-section and three samples collected at the upper, middle, and bottom parts at each vertical line), three-point (at the middle and two other profiles), one-point (at the middle profile), and single-point (upper, middle, or bottom sub-sampling point at the middle profile) methods, were assessed using total organic carbon (TOC) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) as the measurables. Statistical analysis showed that the three- and five-point designs were consistent with one another for TOC measurements (p > 0.05). The three- and one-point sampling methods also yielded similar TOC results (95% of the differences within 10%). Single-point sampling yielded considerably larger errors than the three- and one-point designs, relative to the results from the five-point design, but sampling at the middle sub-point from the middle profile of a river achieved a relatively smaller error than sampling at the upper or bottom sub-point. Comparison of the sampling frequencies of 12 times a year, four times a year, and twice a year indicated that the frequency of twice a year was sufficient to acquire representative TOC data, but larger sample size and higher sampling frequency were deemed necessary to characterize SPM.

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“…Methods giving up iid consist of either using a space and/or time structure or using dependence on other variables that are easier to obtain at a better resolution. In the case of quality monitoring of surface water, the first explanatory variable is obviously discharge, which can be used in the sampling strategy, the design of composite samples and the interpolation of concentration, in a variety of methods compared by simulation (Leecaster et al 2002). However, McGrath et al (2010) have pointed out the influence of within-storm variability of rainfall on the loading of solutes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sampling strategies based on sets of behavioural parameters. Application to a simple pesticide fate model

Leviandier

Madier

Payraudeau

2011

Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess

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Sampling strategies are necessary to minimise the cost of data acquisition. We consider the case when several samples must be analysed at the same time, knowing rainfall data, optionally discharge data. We assume also that a rainfall-runoff and pesticide transfer model is available. Three methods are presented based on behavioural sets calculated on prior events, which provide optimal sampling times with respect to different statistical criteria, for a fixed number of samples. A methodology to compare these strategies, adapted to a context of data scarcity is proposed for proper validation. We consider that the combination of a model and a strategy is efficient if it does better than a strategy without a model based on equal volumes. Even with a simple and relatively poor model, it can be concluded that the different strategies are efficient and show similar efficiency in spite of their different levels of conceptual and algorithmic complexity.

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Assessment of efficient sampling designs for urban stormwater monitoring

Cited by 63 publications

References 7 publications

Levels and patterns of fecal indicator bacteria in stormwater runoff from homogenous land use sites and urban watersheds

Levels and patterns of fecal indicator bacteria in stormwater runoff from homogenous land use sites and urban watersheds

Assessment of sampling designs to measure riverine fluxes from the Pearl River Delta, China to the South China Sea

Sampling strategies based on sets of behavioural parameters. Application to a simple pesticide fate model

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